{"id":283088,"date":"2025-05-29T07:02:34","date_gmt":"2025-05-28T21:02:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/?p=283088"},"modified":"2025-05-29T07:03:42","modified_gmt":"2025-05-28T21:03:42","slug":"bringing-in-the-stern-general-who-defied-the-old","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d9%86%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b0%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%91%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%82%d8%af\/","title":{"rendered":"Jalba: The stern general who defied fate and for whom Nile coins were minted"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a\">\n<div dir=\"auto\">In 68 AD, the Roman Empire was boiling under <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nero<\/a>He had become despised throughout the state. And in the heart of Spain, Galba, the stern-faced old general, stood watching Rome&#039;s collapse with strategic coolness. He was not an ambitious young man, but a seasoned warrior who had served in every corner of the empire, from Germany to Africa.<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a\">\n<div class=\"x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a\">\n<div dir=\"auto\">When Nero committed suicide, he paved the way for the Year of the Four Emperors (69 AD), and was the first of them. Although his reign lasted only seven months, he left his mark, especially on the coins minted in his name in Alexandria, the capital of Roman Egypt.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_84 ez-toc-wrap-left counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d9%86%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b0%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%91%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%82%d8%af\/#%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9%D8%8C_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B4\" >Galba coins in Alexandria, between the Nile and the throne<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d9%86%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b0%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%91%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%82%d8%af\/#%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9\" >Caesar of the Short Storm<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d9%86%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b0%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%91%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%82%d8%af\/#%D8%AD%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82_%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7\" >Amazing facts about Galba<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d9%86%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b0%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%91%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%82%d8%af\/#%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%85\" >Conclusion: Bringing together severity and bloodshed<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-right\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9%D8%8C_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B4\"><\/span>Galba coins in Alexandria, between the Nile and the throne<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a\">\n<div dir=\"auto\">Alexandria, one of the most important coinage centers in the East, issued silver tetratrachmas and lower-value bronze coins bearing Greek inscriptions. The most distinctive feature of these coins was:<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\u2022 The frontal view shows Jalpa&#039;s bare head, with sunken eyes and a prominent nose, accurately depicting his strong features.<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\u2022 The reverse side often depicts ancient Egyptian gods, such as Isis, Nilus, Serapis, and even Osiris, represented by the canopic jars! .<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\u2022 The inscriptions were written in Greek, reflecting the deep Hellenistic character of Egypt even under Roman rule.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a\">\u00a0<\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"317\" src=\"https:\/\/pub-8c6367eeb78947fb9a67f9647334fc7f.r2.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/500410223_29809046515377950_967970522006426939_n.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-283095\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pub-8c6367eeb78947fb9a67f9647334fc7f.r2.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/500410223_29809046515377950_967970522006426939_n-768x304.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pub-8c6367eeb78947fb9a67f9647334fc7f.r2.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/500410223_29809046515377950_967970522006426939_n.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The obelus, uniquely designed by Galba, mint of Alexandria, depicts on its reverse a canopic jar representing Osiris and his famous story, upon whose pillars the ancient Egyptian religion was founded.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"774\" height=\"344\" src=\"https:\/\/pub-8c6367eeb78947fb9a67f9647334fc7f.r2.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/501057756_29809030148712920_6210531784136166952_n.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-283096\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pub-8c6367eeb78947fb9a67f9647334fc7f.r2.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/501057756_29809030148712920_6210531784136166952_n-768x341.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pub-8c6367eeb78947fb9a67f9647334fc7f.r2.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/501057756_29809030148712920_6210531784136166952_n.jpg 774w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 774px) 100vw, 774px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Diopol, mint of Alexandria, depicted on the reverse as (Serapis), the most widely known deity of the Greco-Roman period.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-right\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9\"><\/span>Caesar of the Short Storm<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a\">\n<div dir=\"auto\">Although Galba ruled for less than a year, his short tenure was full of crucial decisions, some of them fateful:<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">His refusal to bribe the Praetorian Guard, whom he had promised to secure the throne, deeply angered them. This act directly led to his downfall, as the Guard at that time held the power to decide the fate of emperors.<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\u2022 Galba believed that the empire should be run by law and strictness, not by gifts and favoritism, which did not suit the turbulent political reality of Rome.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"311\" src=\"https:\/\/pub-8c6367eeb78947fb9a67f9647334fc7f.r2.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/500659340_29809016322047636_3868230361609760198_n.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-283097\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pub-8c6367eeb78947fb9a67f9647334fc7f.r2.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/500659340_29809016322047636_3868230361609760198_n-768x299.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pub-8c6367eeb78947fb9a67f9647334fc7f.r2.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/500659340_29809016322047636_3868230361609760198_n.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Diabopol, mint of Alexandria, depicted on the back the widely known goddess (Isis).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"307\" src=\"https:\/\/pub-8c6367eeb78947fb9a67f9647334fc7f.r2.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/500946849_29809008355381766_7825712098954267278_n.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-283098\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pub-8c6367eeb78947fb9a67f9647334fc7f.r2.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/500946849_29809008355381766_7825712098954267278_n-768x295.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pub-8c6367eeb78947fb9a67f9647334fc7f.r2.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/500946849_29809008355381766_7825712098954267278_n.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Bronze hemidrachem of Galba, minted in Alexandria, depicted on the reverse as a bust of the god Nilus.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-right\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%AD%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82_%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7\"><\/span>Amazing facts about Galba<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a\">\n<div dir=\"auto\">\n<figure style=\"width: 270px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"x168nmei x13lgxp2 x5pf9jr xo71vjh x1ey2m1c xds687c x5yr21d x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy xh8yej3 xl1xv1r\" src=\"https:\/\/scontent.fsyd5-1.fna.fbcdn.net\/v\/t39.30808-6\/500574810_29801190112830257_7502893115531391226_n.jpg?stp=cp6_dst-jpg_p526x296_tt6&amp;_nc_cat=108&amp;ccb=1-7&amp;_nc_sid=aa7b47&amp;_nc_ohc=-c3OgYkGgOAQ7kNvwGHNuPI&amp;_nc_oc=AdnYlxzpZmpLCSrSms57odfry50eXMZwkm6mpVW_dsrzG9SAvDggn4jN0KRHbWNECoZP3KOkcEc9InOpZHcccEiA&amp;_nc_zt=23&amp;_nc_ht=scontent.fsyd5-1.fna&amp;_nc_gid=QagyNsAKpxhdyOL6L9t6Xg&amp;oh=00_AfIOFTFsnSIaumaemTSwDSdqOhFrn2EIOUo7uViou3bbiA&amp;oe=683CE408\" alt=\"Jalba\" width=\"270\" height=\"405\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An imagined image of Galba<\/figcaption><\/figure><br \/>\n1- He was seventy years old when he became emperor, which made him one of the oldest emperors to ascend the throne. He was an extremely wealthy man, but he was known for his extreme stinginess, to the point that it was said that his stinginess contributed to his assassination!<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a\">\n<div dir=\"auto\">2- He believed in austerity and military discipline, which made him popular with the legion, but disliked by the Roman court.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a\">\n<div dir=\"auto\">3- The historian Suetonius described him as \u201ca good fit for the empire, had he not become emperor.\u201d<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a\">\n<div dir=\"auto\">4- He adopted a young man named \u201cBeso\u201d as his successor, ensuring a legitimate and peaceful transfer of power, but this decision was met with anger from Otto, who aspired to rule, and who organized the plot to kill Galba in Rome\u2019s arena.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a\">\n<div dir=\"auto\">5- He was assassinated by the forces of Otto, who succeeded him to the throne, after he lost the support of the Praetorian Guard.<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">6- He was killed in a tragic and humiliating way: While he was riding in his litter through the streets of Rome, angry soldiers approached him, and he shouted: \u201cIf you want my head, here it is!\u201d His head was immediately cut off and paraded through the streets.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a\">\n<div dir=\"auto\">7- Despite his violent end, many historians considered him an example of Roman steadfastness and discipline, and he had a strong base of support among intellectuals and conservatives, even if the political reality betrayed him.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a\">\n<div dir=\"auto\">8- His busts that have come down to us today, especially those on display at the Louvre Museum, show a stern face, a furrowed brow, and eyes that gaze sternly, perfectly reflecting his disciplined and uncompromising personality.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"577\" height=\"244\" src=\"https:\/\/pub-8c6367eeb78947fb9a67f9647334fc7f.r2.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/01.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-283099\" style=\"width:773px;height:auto\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Tetradrachm Bhutan L Galba, the city of Alexandria, depicted on the reverse as the city of Alexandria in the form of a period wearing an elephant cap.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-right\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%85\"><\/span>Conclusion: Bringing together severity and bloodshed<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"html-div xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd\">\n<div class=\"html-div xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd\" dir=\"auto\">\n<div class=\"html-div xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd\" data-ad-rendering-role=\"story_message\">\n<div id=\"\u00abr3cu\u00bb\" class=\"x1l90r2v x1iorvi4 x1ye3gou xn6708d\" data-ad-comet-preview=\"message\" data-ad-preview=\"message\">\n<div class=\"x78zum5 xdt5ytf xz62fqu x16ldp7u\">\n<div class=\"xu06os2 x1ok221b\">\n<div class=\"html-div xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd\">\n<div class=\"x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a\">\n<div dir=\"auto\">Despite his short reign, Galba remains a symbol of one of the most important lessons of Roman history: that virtue alone is not enough to govern an empire driven by intrigue and force. He was a skilled military leader, strict in his pursuit of justice, but Roman politics was too volatile to accommodate his radical reforms.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"\u00abr3cv\u00bb\" class=\"html-div xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x1n2onr6\">\n<div class=\"html-div xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x1n2onr6\">\n<div class=\"x6s0dn4 x1jx94hy x78zum5 xdt5ytf x6ikm8r x10wlt62 x1n2onr6 xh8yej3\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"xqtp20y x6ikm8r x10wlt62 x1n2onr6\">\n<div class=\"x10l6tqk x13vifvy\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"x1ey2m1c xds687c x17qophe xg01cxk x47corl x10l6tqk x13vifvy x1ebt8du x19991ni x1dhq9h x1o1ewxj x3x9cwd x1e5q0jg x13rtm0m\" role=\"none\" data-visualcompletion=\"ignore\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"xabvvm4 xeyy32k x1ia1hqs x1a2w583 x6ikm8r x10wlt62\" data-visualcompletion=\"ignore-dynamic\">\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"x1n2onr6\">\n<div class=\"x6s0dn4 xi81zsa x78zum5 x6prxxf x13a6bvl xvq8zen xdj266r xat24cr xkhd6sd x4uap5 x80vd3b x1q0q8m5 xso031l x16n37ib xq8finb x10b6aqq x1yrsyyn\">\n<div class=\"x9f619 x1ja2u2z x78zum5 x2lah0s x1n2onr6 x1qughib x1qjc9v5 xozqiw3 x1q0g3np xykv574 xbmpl8g x4cne27 xifccgj x123j3cw xs9asl8\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"html-div xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd\">\n<div class=\"html-div xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd\" dir=\"auto\">\n<div class=\"html-div xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd\" data-ad-rendering-role=\"story_message\">\n<div id=\"\u00abr3cu\u00bb\" class=\"x1l90r2v x1iorvi4 x1ye3gou xn6708d\" data-ad-comet-preview=\"message\" data-ad-preview=\"message\">\n<div class=\"x78zum5 xdt5ytf xz62fqu x16ldp7u\">\n<div class=\"xu06os2 x1ok221b\">\n<div class=\"html-div xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd\">\n<div class=\"x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a\">\n<div dir=\"auto\">For more similar topics, you can browse the Arab collector&#039;s website through <a href=\"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/the-urine-tax-the-story-of-vespasian-and-the-strangest-tax\/\">the Link<\/a> the next:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"\u00abr3cv\u00bb\" class=\"html-div xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x1n2onr6\">\n<div class=\"html-div xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x1n2onr6\">\n<div class=\"x6s0dn4 x1jx94hy x78zum5 xdt5ytf x6ikm8r x10wlt62 x1n2onr6 xh8yej3\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"xqtp20y x6ikm8r x10wlt62 x1n2onr6\">\n<div class=\"x10l6tqk x13vifvy\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"x1ey2m1c xds687c x17qophe xg01cxk x47corl x10l6tqk x13vifvy x1ebt8du x19991ni x1dhq9h x1o1ewxj x3x9cwd x1e5q0jg x13rtm0m\" role=\"none\" data-visualcompletion=\"ignore\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"xabvvm4 xeyy32k x1ia1hqs x1a2w583 x6ikm8r x10wlt62\" data-visualcompletion=\"ignore-dynamic\">\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"x1n2onr6\">\n<div class=\"x6s0dn4 xi81zsa x78zum5 x6prxxf x13a6bvl xvq8zen xdj266r xat24cr xkhd6sd x4uap5 x80vd3b x1q0q8m5 xso031l x16n37ib xq8finb x10b6aqq x1yrsyyn\">\n<div class=\"x9f619 x1ja2u2z x78zum5 x2lah0s x1n2onr6 x1qughib x1qjc9v5 xozqiw3 x1q0g3np xykv574 xbmpl8g x4cne27 xifccgj x123j3cw xs9asl8\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-the-arab-collector wp-block-embed-the-arab-collector\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"YnSjQ4y3H98Eai9HRmYPiEs5B2TL1r6tTDscbAn4uBUZlC5UwoqpzmIvZrhAFvOgVfz6ePS1FyWGR\"><blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"tgm0FA8fJA\"><a href=\"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/the-urine-tax-the-story-of-vespasian-and-the-strangest-tax\/\">The Urine Tax: The Story of Vespasian and the Strangest Tax in Roman History<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"\u201cThe Urine Tax: The Story of Vespasian and the Strangest Tax in Roman History\u201d \u2014 The Arab Collector\" src=\"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/%d8%b6%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%88%d9%84-%d9%82%d8%b5%d8%a9-%d9%81%d8%b3%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b2%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%88%d8%a3%d8%ba%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%b6%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d9%81\/embed\/#?secret=1Atp3O1mva#?secret=tgm0FA8fJA\" data-secret=\"tgm0FA8fJA\" width=\"500\" height=\"282\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><\/figure>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In 68 AD, the Roman Empire was seething under Nero, who had become universally despised. In the heart of Spain, Galba, the stern-faced old general, watched Rome&#039;s collapse with strategic coolness. He was not an ambitious youngster, but a seasoned warrior who had served in every corner of the empire, from Germany to Africa. When Nero committed suicide, he opened the way\u2026<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2270,"featured_media":283089,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"wpupg_custom_link":[],"wpupg_custom_link_behaviour":[],"wpupg_custom_link_nofollow":[],"wpupg_custom_image":[],"wpupg_custom_image_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[1575,364,1424],"tags":[3060,3054,3056,3031,3028,3050,3058,3029,3061,3047,3046,3052,3055,3032,3049,3051,3057,3053,3048,3059],"class_list":["post-283088","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-roman-coins","category-historical","category-numismatics","tag-3060","tag-3054","tag-3056","tag-3031","tag-3028","tag-3050","tag-3058","tag-3029","tag-3061","tag-3047","tag-3046","tag-3052","tag-3055","tag-3032","tag-3049","tag-3051","tag-3057","tag-3053","tag-3048","tag-3059"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/283088","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2270"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=283088"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/283088\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/283089"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=283088"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=283088"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=283088"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}