{"id":277689,"date":"2022-06-10T15:45:07","date_gmt":"2022-06-10T05:45:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/?p=277689"},"modified":"2023-04-15T17:25:06","modified_gmt":"2023-04-15T07:25:06","slug":"encyclopedia-of-syrian-currencies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"Encyclopedia of Syrian Currencies"},"content":{"rendered":"<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: center;\">The Encyclopedia of Syrian Currencies, specifically paper currency, is an important documentary work that examines banknotes issued in Syria from the beginning of the last century to the present day.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 ez-toc-wrap-left counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9\/#%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8\" >Author&#039;s Profile<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9\/#2005_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9\" >(2005) Encyclopedia of Syrian Paper Currency<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9\/#%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%85_%D9%81%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9\" >Key chapters of the Encyclopedia of Syrian Paper Currency<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9\/#2013_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%E2%80%93_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85\" >(2013) Syrian Currencies \u2013 Beginning of the 20th Century to the Present Day<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9\/#2019_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9\" >(2019) Encyclopedia of Syrian Decorations<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-right\" id=\"0-%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8\"><\/span>Author&#039;s Profile<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<p dir=\"rtl\">Name: Adnan Jarwa<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-278651 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/pub-8c6367eeb78947fb9a67f9647334fc7f.r2.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/285980393_4922931811150015_4299267071997220768_n.jpg\" alt=\"285980393_4922931811150015_4299267071997220768_n\" width=\"239\" height=\"323\"><\/p>\n<div dir=\"auto\">Adnan Jarwa was born in Aleppo on April 25, 1945, to a prominent Aleppo family with a high social standing.<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">While conducting his business, since 1997 he has been interested in Syrian criticism and studying it by returning to its origins and historical significance, introducing it and its civilizational meaning, and devoting a great deal of his time and effort to it.<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">He is a member of:<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">OMRS (Order and Decoration Research Society).<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">In the American Society of Decorations and Medals (OMSA).<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">International Banknote Society (IBNS)<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">And in the Oriental Numismatic Society. ONS<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">And in the American Society for Nummology (ANS).<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">Winner of the &quot;Best Book of 2005&quot; award from the International Banknote Society (IBNS) in Memphis, USA<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">Despite the lack of documented information about Arab currencies in general and Syrian currencies in particular in Arab libraries, the researcher was able to collect a large amount of valuable and documented images and information, which he included in his encyclopedia. Museums, libraries, universities, and international financial institutions have added the encyclopedia of the Syrian researcher from Aleppo, Adnan Jarwa, to their libraries.<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\n<div class=\"cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q\">\n<div dir=\"auto\">Three encyclopedias sit on the shelves of the world\u2019s most important libraries, and have now become a comprehensive reference guide for anyone who wants to delve into the field of coins and medals. In them, the researcher and the reader will find a basic starting point for their information or studies, and all of them have been presented in a format befitting the scientific content of these encyclopedias.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:26px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-right\" id=\"1-2005-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2005_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9\"><\/span> (2005) Encyclopedia of Syrian Paper Currency<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<figure id=\"attachment_278653\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-278653\" style=\"width: 303px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-278653\" src=\"https:\/\/pub-8c6367eeb78947fb9a67f9647334fc7f.r2.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/284371897_4922932947816568_7350023498318768677_n.jpg\" alt=\"Encyclopedia of Syrian Paper Currency\" width=\"303\" height=\"360\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-278653\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Encyclopedia of Syrian Paper Currency<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">Publisher: Dar Al Murad, 2005, Beirut, Lebanon.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u201cThe economic standing of modern states is determined by the standing of their currency, especially paper currency, as it reflects their cultural identity and artistic heritage, and above all, their awareness of the need to prove their existence in an era of astonishingly rapid developments. This existence is meant to remain untouched and undiminished, just as the currency itself is meant to be.\u201d.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">These statements appear in the introduction to researcher Adnan Jarwa&#039;s book, &quot;Encyclopedia of Syrian Banknotes,&quot; which earned him the International Banknote Association&#039;s award for best book on currency and money for 2006. He presented a unique and comprehensive collection of Syrian banknotes of various denominations and issuance dates, arranged chronologically from the early 20th century and the French Mandate period to the modern era of Syria.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">The difficulties that Adnan Jarwa faced in finding old and rare banknotes were almost impossible. Likewise, delving into the field of money itself is thorny and complex and requires extensive research in several sources, despite their scarcity, \u201cwhether foreign or Arab.\u201d.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">Professor Adnan stated, \u201dThis individual project has been the result of eight years of diligent work and strenuous effort, interspersed with periods of difficulty, especially since the failure to store banknotes in good conditions caused them to become distorted and deteriorate significantly.\u201d. <span style=\"font-size: revert;\">Other categories were not available due to the replacement, withdrawal, cancellation, or destruction of paper currency at that time, in accordance with the issuance of decisions to that effect.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-size: revert;\">This forced the researcher to stand up to all the challenges by insisting on completing what he had started by launching a campaign of numerous and extensive correspondence and communications and many trips to various countries around the world to visit specialized libraries.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">The encyclopedia contains 200 different rare and contemporary banknotes, arranged with their images and information according to their issuance year and denomination. These banknotes represent 49 issues of Syrian paper currency (1919-1998). It also includes a large number of experimental banknotes and international reference models of Syrian banknotes, in addition to historical overviews of the designs and watermarks on the banknotes, dozens of decrees, laws, and resolutions that preceded the currency issues, and various glossaries, tables, and data.<\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-right\" id=\"2-%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%85-%D9%81%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%85_%D9%81%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9\"><\/span>Key chapters of the Encyclopedia of Syrian Paper Currency<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>Banknotes: Origin and Circulation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">Banknotes have undergone various forms and designs in response to significant historical, economic, and political changes. Therefore, documenting these currencies has been instrumental in documenting history at every turn, particularly in the case of Syria, which experienced remarkable phases and transformations throughout the last century.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">The purpose of countries issuing paper money is to facilitate and streamline transactions. These banknotes are issued either by government initiatives or through major banks, each issue subject to specific terms and conditions. At first glance, they appear to be nothing more than pieces of paper, inexpensive to print, yet their intrinsic value is significant as they provide countries with a cost-effective means of raising funds and the ability to flexibly increase or decrease their value.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">As for the external specifications (aside from the millimeter dimensions), each banknote bears its denomination printed on it, along with a corresponding image in a specific color. The note also includes the year of issue, the issuing authority and location, and the signatures of the issuing officials. In addition, it features a watermark (a design printed on the paper pulp and visible through transparency) and other subtle markings that are invisible to the naked eye and can only be detected by specialists from the issuing authorities. Therefore, the idea of counterfeiting or forging banknotes is virtually impossible, making us appreciate the considerable effort invested in their development.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>The history of criticism in Syria<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">At that time, Syria was part of the Ottoman Empire, and the monetary unit was based on the Ottoman gold, silver, and metal lira, in addition to Ottoman paper money. <span style=\"font-size: revert;\">In 1918, Allied forces occupied Syria, leading to the Egyptian pound replacing Ottoman paper currency for transactions. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: revert;\">The British army is there.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">Following the placement of Syria and Lebanon under French mandate, the High Commissioner abolished the use of the Egyptian pound and ordered the use of Syrian and Lebanese banknotes, and the Syrian pound became equivalent to 20 French francs.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">In 1919 and 1920, the Syrian Bank issued Syrian-Lebanese banknotes in various denominations, which remained in circulation in both Syria and Lebanon until 1924. In 1924, the Syrian Bank&#039;s name was changed to the Greater Bank of Syria and Lebanon. The Syrian-Lebanese banknotes continued to circulate until 1939.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">In 1939, the name of the &quot;Greater Bank of Syria and Lebanon&quot; was changed to &quot;Bank of Syria and Lebanon,&quot; and paper currency was issued that remained in circulation in Syria until 1949, when Syria gained its monetary independence from France, unlike Lebanon. This paper currency continued to circulate until 1964. <span style=\"font-size: revert;\">During the period of independence in Syria, paper currency was issued in small denominations of 5, 10, 25, and 50 piasters. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: revert;\">A name <\/span><span style=\"font-size: revert;\">\u201cThe name \u201dSyrian Republic\u201d remained in use until 1949.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<\/p><p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>Central Bank of Syria<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">Also in 1953 it was decided to establish the Central Bank of Syria, which has the right to issue Syrian currency, appoint the governor and director of the bank, and create a Council for Currency and Credit in cooperation with the National Bank of Belgium with its experts and advisors under the management of the Central Bank of Syria, and to monitor banks and direct their activities to reach their final form.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">The first honorary copy of the encyclopedia was presented to His Excellency President Dr. Bashar al-Assad, President of the Syrian Arab Republic. The signing ceremony of the encyclopedia took place on the evening of Friday, December 23, 2005, in the Umayyad Hall at the Shahba al-Sham Hotel in Aleppo.<\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:37px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-right\" id=\"3-2013-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2013_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%E2%80%93_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85\"><\/span> (2013) Syrian Currencies \u2013 Beginning of the 20th Century to the Present Day <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"col-sm-10 col-xs-12\" dir=\"rtl\">Publisher: Dar Al Murad, 2013, Beirut, Lebanon.<br>\n<figure id=\"attachment_278654\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-278654\" style=\"width: 230px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-278654\" src=\"https:\/\/pub-8c6367eeb78947fb9a67f9647334fc7f.r2.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/imagerepository.jpg\" alt=\"Syrian currencies - from the beginning of the 20th century to the present day\" width=\"230\" height=\"349\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-278654\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Syrian currencies \u2013 from the beginning of the 20th century to the present day<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div dir=\"rtl\">\n<div class=\"col-sm-10 col-xs-12\">470 pages: Color illustrations; 33 cm<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div dir=\"rtl\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div dir=\"rtl\">&nbsp;The second edition of the encyclopedia includes Syrian monetary decisions, models, proofs, errors, and circulating versions of paper and metal coins from the first issue to the present day, in addition to subsidiary coins, a table of signatures, names of the governors of the Central Bank of Syria and the Ministers of Finance, and a table of watermarks.<\/div>\n<div dir=\"rtl\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right;\">It contains 210 different banknotes, both old and new, representing the first complete collection of Syrian banknotes, from rare to contemporary. They are arranged by denomination and then by year of issue, with images, information, and what distinguishes each issue from the others. The collection comprises 52 issues of Syrian paper currency (1919\u20132009).<\/li>\n<li dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right;\">It also contains 63 experimental banknotes with their final circulating notes, which are the result of 20 issues or attempted issues.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right;\">32 global reference models of Syrian banknotes for various old and new issues.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right;\">38 verified signatures of individuals during whose reign Syrian banknotes were issued, along with their names and positions.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right;\">12 watermarks visible in the folds of banknotes, arranged according to denominations and years of issue.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right;\">Detailed security guarantees and features for 8 newly circulated banknote categories in Syria, along with their modifications and characteristics (1997-1998-2009).<\/li>\n<li dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right;\">The companies that print Syrian banknotes are diverse.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right;\">There are flaws and defects in the printing of a number of banknotes put into circulation.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right;\">92 metal coins that were put into circulation in Syria from 1920 to 2003 are illustrated and explained according to tables.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right;\">3 denominations of experimental coins.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right;\">35 rare symbolic metal pieces used in Syria, of various categories and origins, with an explanation of them and the entity that minted them.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right;\">Dozens of decrees, laws, decisions and indications paved the way for the issuance of Syrian paper and metal currency.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right;\">In addition to lengthy historical introductions, dates of the most important events, explanations of the modest drawings on the coins, and various glossaries, tables, and statistical data.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:23px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-right\" id=\"4-2019-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2019_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9\"><\/span>(2019) Encyclopedia of Syrian Decorations<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<figure id=\"attachment_278655\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-278655\" style=\"width: 246px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-278655\" src=\"https:\/\/pub-8c6367eeb78947fb9a67f9647334fc7f.r2.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Mawso3et-Al-Awswma-al-soryah.jpg\" alt=\"Mawso3et Al Awswma al soryah\" width=\"246\" height=\"333\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-278655\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Encyclopedia of Syrian Decorations<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">Publisher: Dar Al Murad, 2019, Beirut, Lebanon.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">The book contains 241 medals, decorations, and emblems, arranged with their pictures and information about them, and divided according to the countries that participated with Syria in issuing them, and are divided as follows:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">126 decorations, 59 medals, 13 badges and 43 emblems.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">105 Syrian medals, 26 medals of the United Arab Republic, 16 Syrian Arab medals, 59 medals during the French Mandate period, 25 Syrian-Russian medals and 10 Syrian international medals.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">4 scarves, 15 brooches, 70 badges, 32 patents, an administrative order, and a purchase permit.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">A historical introduction in which the author talks about decorations in the historical and civilizational stages that Syria has known throughout the ages, up to the classical stage represented by the Greeks, Romans and Byzantines, then the successive Arab stages and the Ottoman era, ending with the modern stage of the Arab Revolt, Faisal\u2019s rule and the French Mandate, then independence with its successive stages, with a touch on the stage of the United Arab Republic and what followed it until today.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">4 chapters containing the following topics:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>Chapter One:&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">Common things in decorations, the difference between a decoration and a medal, a glossary of decrees and decisions, the most important terms related to decorations, in addition to the factories that mint them and how to wear them.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>Chapter Two:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">It includes all medals with their various specifications.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>Chapter Three:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">It includes a chronological list of medals according to their seniority, ending with a general table of medals with all the information related to them.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>The final chapter:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">23 terms specific to badges are listed with a detailed explanation and an image for each term.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">It also contains 11 models of the Syrian flag from the Ottoman period to the present day.<\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:48px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>Sources:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">The following individuals contributed to writing parts of this article:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">Dr. Robert Salahian (President of the Syrian Philatelic Club in Aleppo)&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">Mustafa Elias (Group Admin) <a class=\"oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl gmql0nx0 gpro0wi8 hnhda86s\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/groups\/117261535526626\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">The good old days for collectors of coins, stamps, documents, and more<\/a> )<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/manhom.com\/77532-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Who are they? website<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<p dir=\"rtl\">You can follow similar topics on the Arab Collector website. <a href=\"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/encyclopedia-and-catalog-of-egyptian-coins\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The following link<\/a>:<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"l3c\"><blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"VYWcQvlKxG\"><a href=\"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/encyclopedia-and-catalog-of-egyptian-coins\/\">Encyclopedia and Catalog of Egyptian Money<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"\u201cEncyclopedia and Catalog of Egyptian Currencies\u201d \u2014 The Arab Collector\" src=\"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d9%88%d9%83%d8%aa%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b5%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9\/embed\/#?secret=0Ui2hYPzBr#?secret=VYWcQvlKxG\" data-secret=\"VYWcQvlKxG\" width=\"500\" height=\"282\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Encyclopedia of Syrian Currency, focusing on banknotes, is an important documentary work examining banknotes issued in Syria from the beginning of the last century to the present day. Author&#039;s Profile: Name: Adnan Jarwa. Adnan Jarwa was born in Aleppo on April 25, 1945, to a prominent Aleppan family. While engaged in his business activities, he became interested in Syrian currency and its study in 1997\u2026<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1509,"featured_media":278656,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"wpupg_custom_link":[],"wpupg_custom_link_behaviour":[],"wpupg_custom_link_nofollow":[],"wpupg_custom_image":[],"wpupg_custom_image_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[1578,1580,1582,377,308,320],"tags":[1318,1317,1319,1314,1320,1316,323,1315,1324,1323,405,1325,1321,1746,1747,1327,1322,1748,1326,305],"class_list":["post-277689","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-arabic-coins","category-arabic-paper-money","category-books-publishers","category-medals","category-coins","category-paper-money","tag-1318","tag-1317","tag-1319","tag-1314","tag-1320","tag-1316","tag-323","tag-1315","tag-1324","tag-1323","tag-405","tag-1325","tag-1321","tag----pdf","tag-1747","tag-1327","tag-1322","tag-1748","tag-1326","tag-305"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/277689","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1509"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=277689"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/277689\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/278656"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=277689"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=277689"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=277689"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}