The Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Philatelic and Postal Sciences | The Arab Collector<\/title>\n<link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Amiri:wght@400;700&family=Cairo:wght@300;400;600;700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n<style>\n\/* \u2500\u2500 SCOPED: all styles under #phil-glossary only \u2500\u2500 *\/\n#phil-glossary {\n font-family: 'Cairo', sans-serif;\n direction: rtl;\n background: #fdfdfd;\n max-width: 1200px;\n margin: 0 auto;\n border-radius: 12px;\n box-shadow: 0 6px 32px rgba(0,0,0,0.09);\n overflow: hidden;\n border: 1px solid #e0e0e0;\n color: #1a1a1a;\n}\n#phil-glossary * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }\n\n\/* Header *\/\n#phil-glossary .pg-hd {\n background: linear-gradient(135deg, #1976d2, #0d47a1);\n color: #fff;\n padding: 48px 24px;\n text-align: center;\n border-bottom: 4px solid #c9942a;\n}\n#phil-glossary .pg-hd h1 {\n font-family: 'Amiri', serif;\n font-size: clamp(22px, 4vw, 38px);\n color: #fff;\n margin-bottom: 8px;\n font-weight: 700;\n}\n#phil-glossary .pg-hd p {\n opacity: .85;\n font-size: 14px;\n font-weight: 300;\n color: #fff;\n}\n#phil-glossary .pg-stats {\n display: flex;\n justify-content: center;\n gap: 28px;\n margin-top: 20px;\n flex-wrap: wrap;\n}\n#phil-glossary .pg-stat-num {\n font-size: 26px;\n font-weight: 700;\n color: #ffd54f;\n display: block;\n line-height: 1;\n}\n#phil-glossary .pg-stat-lbl {\n font-size: 11px;\n opacity: .7;\n color: #fff;\n}\n\n\/* Search *\/\n#phil-glossary .pg-search {\n padding: 20px 24px;\n background: #f8f9fa;\n border-bottom: 1px solid #e0e0e0;\n display: flex;\n justify-content: center;\n}\n#phil-glossary .pg-search input {\n width: 100%;\n max-width: 580px;\n padding: 12px 22px;\n border: 2px solid #e0e0e0;\n border-radius: 30px;\n font-family: 'Cairo', sans-serif;\n font-size: 14px;\n transition: border-color .25s;\n outline: none;\n color: #1a1a1a;\n background: #fff;\n text-align: right;\n}\n#phil-glossary .pg-search input:focus { border-color: #1976d2; 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color: #1565c0; }\n.tag-cond { background: #f3e5f5; color: #7b1fa2; }\n.tag-print { background: #e8f5e9; color: #2e7d32; }\n.tag-hist { background: #fff3e0; color: #e65100; }\n.tag-rare { background: #fce4ec; color: #c62828; }\n.tag-tool { background: #e0f7fa; color: #00695c; }\n.tag-exhib { background: #fbe9e7; color: #bf360c; }\n.tag-branch { background: #f9fbe7; color: #558b2f; }\n\n@media (max-width: 600px) {\n #phil-glossary .pg-panel { padding: 14px 12px; }\n #phil-glossary .pg-trigger { padding: 12px 14px; }\n #phil-glossary .pg-trigger-title { font-size: 13px; }\n #phil-glossary .pg-tab { font-size: 12px; padding: 12px 8px; }\n}\n<\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n<div id=\"phil-glossary\">\n\n\n<div class=\"pg-hd\">\n <h1>Dictionary of Stamp and Philatelic Terms<\/h1>\n <p>The professional reference for amateurs, exhibitors, and international judges \u2014 in accordance with FIP, APS, and RPSL standards<\/p>\n <div class=\"pg-stats\">\n <div><span class=\"pg-stat-num\">+150<\/span><span class=\"pg-stat-lbl\">documented term<\/span><\/div>\n <div><span class=\"pg-stat-num\">8<\/span><span class=\"pg-stat-lbl\">Specialized departments<\/span><\/div>\n <div><span class=\"pg-stat-num\">Arab<\/span><span class=\"pg-stat-lbl\">+ English<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"pg-search\">\n <input type=\"search\" id=\"pgSearch\" placeholder=\"Search for any term: perforation, watermark, MNH, FDC, glue...\" oninput=\"pgDoSearch()\">\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"pg-tabs\">\n <button class=\"pg-tab active\" onclick=\"pgTab(event,'tab-tech')\">\u2699\ufe0f Artistic<\/button>\n <button class=\"pg-tab\" onclick=\"pgTab(event,'tab-print')\">\ud83d\udda8\ufe0f Print<\/button>\n <button class=\"pg-tab\" onclick=\"pgTab(event,'tab-cond')\">\ud83d\udcca Status<\/button>\n <button class=\"pg-tab\" onclick=\"pgTab(event,'tab-types')\">\ud83d\udcee Releases<\/button>\n <button class=\"pg-tab\" onclick=\"pgTab(event,'tab-tools')\">\ud83d\udd2c Tools<\/button>\n <button class=\"pg-tab\" onclick=\"pgTab(event,'tab-exhib')\">\ud83c\udfc6 Exhibitions<\/button>\n <button class=\"pg-tab\" onclick=\"pgTab(event,'tab-branch')\">\ud83c\udf10 Postal services<\/button>\n <button class=\"pg-tab\" onclick=\"pgTab(event,'tab-history')\">\ud83c\udfdb\ufe0f Historical<\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"pg-no-results\" id=\"pgNoResults\"><span style=\"font-size:36px;display:block;margin-bottom:10px\">\ud83d\udd0d<\/span>No matching results found<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"tab-tech\" class=\"pg-panel active\">\n <div class=\"pg-chips\">\n <span class=\"pg-chip active\" onclick=\"pgChip(this,'all','tab-tech')\">All<\/span>\n <span class=\"pg-chip\" onclick=\"pgChip(this,'perf','tab-tech')\">lace<\/span>\n <span class=\"pg-chip\" onclick=\"pgChip(this,'wm','tab-tech')\">Watermark<\/span>\n <span class=\"pg-chip\" onclick=\"pgChip(this,'gum','tab-tech')\">gum<\/span>\n <span class=\"pg-chip\" onclick=\"pgChip(this,'paper','tab-tech')\">paper<\/span>\n <span class=\"pg-chip\" onclick=\"pgChip(this,'over','tab-tech')\">Decoration<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"perf \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-tech\">lace<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">perforation <span class=\"pg-en\">Perforation<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n A series of small, evenly spaced holes between the stamps facilitates their separation without tearing. The number of holes is measured every 2 cm using a perforation gauge.<br><br>\n <strong>Types:<\/strong>\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Line Perf:<\/strong> Parallel holes in one direction \u2014 historically the most common<\/li>\n <li><strong>Comb perforation:<\/strong> Three sides are pierced at once.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Rotary perforation:<\/strong> A rotating cylinder that produces very regular holes<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"pg-note\">\u26a0\ufe0f A stamp whose perforation is measured with different values horizontally and vertically is called a \u201cCompound Perf\u201d and has a special collection value.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"perf \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0645\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-tech\">lace<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">non-perforated stamp <span class=\"pg-en\">Imperforate (Imperf)<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n A stamp that left the printing house without perforation. This may be a production error or an intentional cut for the collection. To prove authenticity, it must be present in <strong>husband<\/strong> (Imperforate Pair) Not individually \u2014 as any stamp may be cut at its edges to appear unperforated.\n <div class=\"pg-note\">\u26a0\ufe0f The single \u201cnon-perforated\u201d stamp is not recognized in exhibitions except with the certificate of an expert.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"perf \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-tech\">lace<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Unperforated between <span class=\"pg-en\">Imperforate Between<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n A pair of stamps lacking perforation despite having it on the outer edges. This is one of the most requested perforation errors by collectors.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"wm \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 watermark\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-tech\">Watermark<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">watermark <span class=\"pg-en\">Watermark<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n A design embedded in the paper pulp during manufacturing, visible only by shining light from behind the stamp or using a revealing liquid. It is used to prevent counterfeiting and to identify different prints.<br><br>\n <strong>Its conditions:<\/strong>\n <ul>\n <li>Upright \u2014 Original position<\/li>\n <li>Inverted \u2014 The paper was inserted into the machine upside down \u2192 Special value<\/li>\n <li>Sideways \u2014 horizontal position instead of vertical<\/li>\n <li>Reversed \u2014 horizontal reflection<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"pg-tip\">\ud83d\udca1 The Signoscope optical tool is the best for detection without any damage to the glue.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"gum \u0635\u0645\u063a \u0644\u0627\u0635\u0642\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-tech\">gum<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">gum <span class=\"pg-en\">Gum<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n The adhesive on the back of the stamp is used to affix it to the envelope. Its type and condition directly affect its revenue potential.<br><br>\n <ul>\n <li><strong>OG (Original Gum):<\/strong> The original gum is intact as made.<\/li>\n <li><strong>NH \/ MNH:<\/strong> Without a trace of the snot\u2014the highest value<\/li>\n <li><strong>HR (Hinge Remnant):<\/strong> Adherent remnants of a thorn<\/li>\n <li><strong>NG (No Gum):<\/strong> Without glue \u2014 removed or not found<\/li>\n <li><strong>Regummed:<\/strong> New glue added later \u2014 a distortion that reduces value<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"pg-tip\">\ud83d\udca1 Ultraviolet (UV) light reveals added glue because it glows a different color.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"gum \u0634\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0629 hinge\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-tech\">gum<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">The shneira <span class=\"pg-en\">Hinge<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n A small paper strip that was once used to secure stamps in albums. Peeling it off leaves a residue that diminishes the stamp's value for modern collectors who prefer NH.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"paper \u0648\u0631\u0642 chalk chalky\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-tech\">paper<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Types of stamp paper <span class=\"pg-en\">Paper Varieties<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Chalk paper (Chalky):<\/strong> White coating prevents counterfeiting \u2014 glows under UV<\/li>\n <li><strong>Ordinary paper:<\/strong> Pure cotton \u2014 the most common<\/li>\n <li><strong>Granite paper:<\/strong> Integrated colored fibers \u2014 a safety device<\/li>\n <li><strong>Fluorescent paper:<\/strong> It glows under UV for automated sorting.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Polymer paper:<\/strong> Plastic \u2014 the latest currency security technology<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"over \u062a\u0648\u0634\u064a\u062d overprint surcharge\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-tech\">Decoration<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">decoration <span class=\"pg-en\">Overprint<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n Additional printing over an existing stamp. Types:\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Change the value (Surcharge):<\/strong> Print a new value over the old value<\/li>\n <li><strong>Defining the use:<\/strong> As a designation for \u201cOfficial Service\u201d or \u201cForeign Use Only\u201d<\/li>\n <li><strong>Regional classification:<\/strong> To convert state stamps for use in another territory<\/li>\n <li><strong>Memorial:<\/strong> Decorating the text of an occasion or date<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <strong>His mistakes:<\/strong> Inverted \/ Double \/ Absent \/ Joking \u2014 all errors with high academic value.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 centering \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-tech\">technical<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Centralization <span class=\"pg-en\">Centering<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n The accuracy of the printed design's positioning relative to the four margins of the stamp. Perfectly centered (OC) means equal margins on all sides and greatly increases the stamp's value.\n <div class=\"pg-tip\">\ud83d\udca1 Many stamps light up and are worth 10 times more when perfectly centered compared to their misaligned counterparts.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"\u0644\u0648\u0646 colour color variety \u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0639\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-tech\">technical<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Color variations <span class=\"pg-en\">Colour Varieties \/ Shades<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n The same print may be produced in different shades due to variations in ink composition or storage conditions. Each shade may have a different value in the catalog. The Stanley Gibbons catalog is the most accurate reference for classifying shades.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"tab-print\" class=\"pg-panel\">\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"recess \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0641\u0631 gravure\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-print\">print<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Intaglio printing <span class=\"pg-en\">Recess \/ Intaglio \/ Engraving<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n The most elegant method of stamp printing. The details are engraved into a metal plate, filled with ink, and then paper is pressed onto it to draw the ink out. The result: a raised, tactile design. Used in rare classic stamps and by companies such as Bradbury Wilkinson.\n <div class=\"pg-tip\">\ud83d\udca1 How to distinguish: Touch the design with your finger \u2014 the intaglio print feels.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"lithography \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0641\u0633\u062a\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-print\">print<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Lithography \/ Offset Printing <span class=\"pg-en\">Lithography \/ Offset<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n It is based on the principle that water and oil do not mix. The design is drawn on a stone or metal plate with an oily substance. The surface accepts the ink where the design is applied and rejects it where the water is present. Offset printing is its modern version, using rubber rollers.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"letterpress relief \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-print\">print<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">relief printing <span class=\"pg-en\">Letterpress \/ Typography<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n The oldest method \u2014 ink on a raised surface imprinted on paper. It was common in early editions before 1920. It gives a sharp appearance but is less precise than intaglio. It is clearly visible under a microscope (clear ink dots).\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"heliogravure photogravure \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-print\">print<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Heliographer \/ Photographer <span class=\"pg-en\">Photogravure \/ Heliogravure<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n A technique combining intaglio etching and photography. The design is transferred by light onto an engraved metal cylinder. High-quality stamps are produced in multiple colors. Common in British and German post-World War II issues.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"double print \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-rare\">rare mistake<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Double printing <span class=\"pg-en\">Double Print<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n Passing the paper through the printing press twice produces a duplicate design with a slight shift. This is one of the most requested and valuable printing errors in the market.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"inverted center \u0645\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-rare\">rare mistake<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Inverted design <span class=\"pg-en\">Inverted Center \/ Frame<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n In multi-print stamps: if the paper is inserted upside down in the second printing stage, the center or frame will appear upside down by 180\u00b0. This is one of the most valuable printing errors in the world.\n <div class=\"pg-note\">\ud83c\udfc6 The 1918 American \u201cInverted Jenny\u201d sold for over a million dollars.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"missing colour \u0644\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u062e\u0637\u0623\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-rare\">rare mistake<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">The missing color <span class=\"pg-en\">Missing Colour<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n The absence of a complete color from the stamp print\u2014either due to ink depletion or a color cylinder malfunction\u2014is a genuine issue. The missing color is confirmed by a certified expert (BPA or PF). Chemical bleaching produces a similar appearance but is counterfeit.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"colour shift \u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0623\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-rare\">mistake<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Color displacement <span class=\"pg-en\">Color Shift \/ Misregistration<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n Mismatch between two or more ink layers during printing results in a color appearing outside the intended boundaries. Large offsets (+5 mm) are of particular importance. Measured in millimeters.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"tab-cond\" class=\"pg-panel\">\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"MNH mint never hinged \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-cond\">the condition<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">MNH \u2014 New without a hook <span class=\"pg-en\">Mint Never Hinged<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n The ideal condition for any stamp\u2014complete, original adhesive without any trace of chipping or touching. The most valuable on the market. It is symbolized by... <strong>MNH<\/strong> or <strong>**<\/strong> In the catalogs.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"used \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 cancelled \u0623\u0644\u063a\u064a\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-cond\">the condition<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Used \/ Cancelled <span class=\"pg-en\">Used \/ Cancelled<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n A stamp that has its postage value and has actually been used. The stamp affixed is called a "cancellation stamp." Classic stamps used on the cover are often more valuable than those used individually.\n <div class=\"pg-tip\">\ud83d\udca1 \u201cCancel To Order\u201d (CTO) stamps are stamps that have been collectively cancelled without actual postal use \u2014 less valuable than those actually used.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"VF XF fine very fine \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-cond\">the condition<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Condition degrees <span class=\"pg-en\">Grade Descriptions: VF\/F\/VG\/P<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Superb (SUP):<\/strong> Absolutely perfect \u2014 fully centered, intact original glue<\/li>\n <li><strong>Very Fine (VF):<\/strong> Excellent \u2014 almost even margins, good adhesive<\/li>\n <li><strong>Fine (F):<\/strong> Good \u2014 suitable margins, the glue may be slightly cracked<\/li>\n <li><strong>Very Good (VG):<\/strong> Acceptable \u2014 slightly skewed or one short margin<\/li>\n <li><strong>Good (G):<\/strong> Weak \u2014 design flaws that disrupt the design or obvious defects<\/li>\n <li><strong>Poor (P):<\/strong> Poor \u2014 only for filling in the group<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"fault \u0639\u064a\u0628 tear \u062a\u0645\u0632\u0642 thin \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642 crease \u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-cond\">flaws<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Common character flaws <span class=\"pg-en\">Faults<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Thin (delicate):<\/strong> Thinning of the paper from the back \u2014 revealed by shining a light on it<\/li>\n <li><strong>Tear:<\/strong> A cut in the paper \u2014 significantly reduces the value<\/li>\n <li><strong>Crease (fold):<\/strong> A fold in the paper \u2014 visible by running a finger across it<\/li>\n <li><strong>Stain:<\/strong> Contamination from moisture or external materials<\/li>\n <li><strong>Short Perf (short perforation):<\/strong> One or more of the holes are shorter than usual.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Missing Perf (Missing Hole):<\/strong> Absence of a complete hole<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"pg-note\">\u26a0\ufe0f The defective stamp is not accepted by PCGS or PF certification offices in high-grade boxes.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"soaking \u0646\u0642\u0639 \u063a\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-cond\">technical<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Soak the stamps <span class=\"pg-en\">Soaking<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n The technique for removing stamps from envelopes involves soaking them in warm water and then drying them on a flat absorbent sheet. This method is not suitable for soluble ink or self-adhesive stamps.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"tab-types\" class=\"pg-panel\">\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"definitive \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-branch\">Issue<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Circulation stamps <span class=\"pg-en\">Definitives<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n Regular stamps are issued for daily circulation over many years. They carry multiple values and designs representing enduring national symbols. They are issued in long series and may be reprinted several times, producing valuable collectible variations.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"commemorative \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-branch\">Issue<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Commemorative stamps <span class=\"pg-en\">Commemoratives<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n Issued for a limited period, ranging from weeks to months, to commemorate an event or figure. They are typically larger and more colorful than commemorative coins. Their discontinuation makes them rarer and more sought after.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"souvenir sheet \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-branch\">Issue<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Stamp card <span class=\"pg-en\">Souvenir Sheet \/ Miniature Sheet<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n A special edition containing a single stamp or set within a larger decorative frame bearing the event details. Designed primarily for collectors and not for postal circulation. Cards without perforation (Imperf S\/S) are rarer.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"booklet \u0643\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062f\u0641\u062a\u0631\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-branch\">Issue<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Stamp booklet <span class=\"pg-en\">Stamp Booklet<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n Stamps are issued in a small sleeve for carrying in a wallet. They usually contain 4 to 20 stamps. Old booklets in their original, sealed condition are much more valuable than individual stamps.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"se-tenant \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0642\u0629 \u0632\u0648\u062c\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-branch\">Issue<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Intertwined stamps <span class=\"pg-en\">Se-tenant<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n Two or more prints with different designs or values are printed together and joined. They are usually assembled as a single unit. These prints are popular for producing integrated visual compositions.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"coil roll \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u0641\u0629\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-branch\">Issue<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Roll stamps <span class=\"pg-en\">Coil Stamps<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n Stamps are printed in long rolls for automatic machines. They have perforations only on one side (two sides) or straight on both sides. Distinguishing them from page clippings is important.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"self-adhesive \u0644\u0627\u0635\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-branch\">Issue<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Self-adhesive stamp <span class=\"pg-en\">Self-adhesive<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n Stamps with pre-glued adhesive for easy application without soaking. Instead of traditional perforation, they are die-cut. Collectible, they are either on their original paper or carefully peeled off.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"provisional \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-branch\">Issue<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Temporary stamp <span class=\"pg-en\">Provisional<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n A temporary stamp is issued when a particular issue is unavailable or its value changes. It is often an older stamp overlaid with a new value. Many temporary stamps are very rare.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"tab-tools\" class=\"pg-panel\">\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"tweezers \u0645\u0644\u0642\u0637 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-tool\">tool<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">tweezers <span class=\"pg-en\">Tweezers \/ Tongs<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n The first essential tool for every hobbyist. Its edges are smooth (non-serrated) to hold the stamp without damaging the paper fibers or transferring hand grease to it. Good quality metal is preferable to plastic.\n <div class=\"pg-tip\">\ud83d\udca1 Never hold rare stamps in your hand \u2014 grease damages the glue and fibers.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"magnifier \u0639\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-tool\">tool<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">magnifying lens <span class=\"pg-en\">Magnifier \/ Loupe<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n To examine the printing details and detect forgery and defects:\n <ul>\n <li><strong>10x:<\/strong> Most commonly \u2014 for general examination<\/li>\n <li><strong>20\u201340x:<\/strong> For detailed information and printing method<\/li>\n <li><strong>Digital Microscope (USB Microscope):<\/strong> It connects to a computer to capture and document details.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"perforation gauge \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-tool\">tool<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">perforation gauge <span class=\"pg-en\">Perforation Gauge<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n A ruler specifically designed to measure the number of perforations in 2 cm. Essential for distinguishing between similar versions with different perforations. The British Instanta brand is among the most accurate and precise.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"watermark detector \u0643\u0627\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-tool\">tool<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Watermark detector <span class=\"pg-en\">Watermark Detector<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Reagent liquid (Oden\/Donn Fluid):<\/strong> The stamp is temporarily moistened to show the mark on a black container \u2014 safe and without harm to the adhesive if used carefully.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Light Signoscope:<\/strong> Reveals the mark with light without any liquid \u2014 best for rare stamps with MNH adhesive<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"UV lamp \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-tool\">tool<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">UV lamp <span class=\"pg-en\">UV Lamp (Ultraviolet)<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n It reveals: postal phosphorus, added glue, repaired paper, chemically bleached stamps, and counterfeit overlays.\n <ul>\n <li><strong>366 nanometers:<\/strong> Phosphorus and added gum reveal<\/li>\n <li><strong>254 nanometers:<\/strong> Chemical bleaching and paper types reveal<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"pg-tip\">\ud83d\udca1 Investing in a good UV lamp saves money from the first purchase.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"stockbook album \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0623\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-tool\">storage<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Stamp album and folder <span class=\"pg-en\">Album \/ Stockbook<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Stockbook:<\/strong> Clear plastic pockets for storing stamps safely without adhesive<\/li>\n <li><strong>Album (achievement album):<\/strong> Pages printed with specific locations for each stamp \u2014 for organized display<\/li>\n <li><strong>Acid-free is essential:<\/strong> The materials must be acid-free to prevent the stamps from deteriorating over time.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"catalogue \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-tool\">reference<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">World Stamp Catalogues <span class=\"pg-en\">Philatelic Catalogues<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Stanley Gibbons (SG):<\/strong> The most comprehensive reference for the British Commonwealth and the world \u2014 the most accurate in classifying colors and perforations<\/li>\n <li><strong>Scott:<\/strong> The American reference \u2014 the most widely circulated international stamps worldwide<\/li>\n <li><strong>Michel:<\/strong> German reference \u2014 excellent for European and Ottoman<\/li>\n <li><strong>Yvert & Tellier:<\/strong> The French reference \u2014 for Francophones and North Africa<\/li>\n <li><strong>Bale:<\/strong> Specialist in stamps of the Middle East and Arab countries<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"tab-exhib\" class=\"pg-panel\">\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"FIP \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-exhib\">Exhibitions<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">International Filipino Union <span class=\"pg-en\">FIP \u2014 Federation Internationale de Philat\u00e9lie<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n The international organization sponsoring the World Filatelia Exhibitions (WIPA) and FILATELIA. It sets the judging criteria, exhibition categories, and participation requirements. Its headquarters are in Switzerland.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"frame \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-exhib\">Exhibitions<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">framework <span class=\"pg-en\">Frame<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n The standard display unit for international exhibitions accommodates 16 A4 pages. International exhibitors are permitted to display between 5 and 8 frames (80\u2013128 pages). The opening pages (Title Page + Summary) are not included in the display.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"judging \u062a\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-exhib\">arbitration<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">International arbitration standards <span class=\"pg-en\">Judging Criteria \u2014 FIP<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n Distribution of the 100 points in the Postal History exhibitions:\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Presentation and delivery (5 points):<\/strong> Beautiful design and readability<\/li>\n <li><strong>Status and rarity (30 points):<\/strong> Condition 10 + Rarity 20<\/li>\n <li><strong>Knowledge and personal study (35 points):<\/strong> Highest single weight<\/li>\n <li><strong>Treatment and importance (30 points):<\/strong> Processing 20 + Importance 10<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <strong>Medal limit:<\/strong> 90+ Gold \u00b7 85\u201389 Large Gold Silver \u00b7 75\u201384 Large Silver \u00b7 65\u201374 Silver \u00b7 55\u201364 Silver Bronze \u00b7 45\u201354 Bronze\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"medals \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-exhib\">arbitration<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">medal handshake <span class=\"pg-en\">Medal Scale<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Large Gold:<\/strong> 95\u2013100 points<\/li>\n <li><strong>Gold (\u0630\u0647\u0628):<\/strong> 90\u201394 points<\/li>\n <li><strong>Large Vermeil (large gold):<\/strong> 85\u201389 points<\/li>\n <li><strong>Vermeil (doctrine):<\/strong> 80\u201384 points<\/li>\n <li><strong>Large Silver:<\/strong> 75\u201379 points<\/li>\n <li><strong>Silver:<\/strong> 70\u201374 points<\/li>\n <li><strong>Silver Bronze:<\/strong> 65\u201369 points<\/li>\n <li><strong>Bronze:<\/strong> 60\u201364 points<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"exhibit categories \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-exhib\">Exhibitions<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">International Show Categories <span class=\"pg-en\">Exhibit Classes<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Postal History:<\/strong> Study of pathways, rates, and seals<\/li>\n <li><strong>Classical (Classic Philately):<\/strong> Pre-1945 editions<\/li>\n <li><strong>Thematic\/Topical:<\/strong> A specific subject such as animals or art<\/li>\n <li><strong>Technical (Philatelic Literature):<\/strong> Philatelic research and books<\/li>\n <li><strong>Post-war (Modern):<\/strong> Post-1945 editions<\/li>\n <li><strong>Youth:<\/strong> For those under 18 years old<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"intro page title plan \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-exhib\">Exhibitions<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Title and summary page <span class=\"pg-en\">Title Page & Synopsis<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n The two most important pages in the exhibition \u2014 are sent to the judges before the exhibition:\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Title page:<\/strong> It defines the scope, purpose, and organizational plan.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Summary page:<\/strong> Top 12 Items List + Latest Changes<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"tab-branch\" class=\"pg-panel\">\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"FDC \u0645\u063a\u0644\u0641 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644 first day cover\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-branch\">service<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Day 1 envelope <span class=\"pg-en\">First Day Cover \u2014 FDC<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n An envelope sealed with a special stamp on the first day of the stamp's official issue. It bears the new stamp(s) and the date stamp from which city. The most valuable is the FDC from the city where the stamp was first officially issued.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"registered mail \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644 R\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-branch\">service<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Registered mail <span class=\"pg-en\">Registered Mail<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n A service that ensures the message is tracked from sender to recipient. It is distinguished by a label bearing the letter R and a tracking number. Registered envelopes have special collection value due to the presence of two stamps\u2014cancellation on dispatch and arrival on receipt.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"airmail \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0648\u064a \u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-branch\">service<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Air Mail <span class=\"pg-en\">Airmail<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n Mail transported by air. The first organized air service began in 1918. Early airmail stamps are among the most valuable stamps. Early airmail seals and packaging are among the most important topics in postal history.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"TPO travelling post office \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-branch\">service<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Mobile Post Office <span class=\"pg-en\">Traveling Post Office \u2014 TPO<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n A mail cart operating on the train sorts letters and cancels their stamps while in motion. TPO stamps are among the rarest and most sought-after postal stamps in postal history. Egypt was the first African country to adopt this system (1875).\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"postage due \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-branch\">service<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">fine stamps <span class=\"pg-en\">Postage Due<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n These are stamps affixed to incoming mail with a reduced postage charge to indicate the amount to be collected from the recipient. Their designs and lettering differ from regular stamps\u2014they usually include the word \u201cTaxe\u201d or \u201cPostage Due\u201d or its equivalent in Arabic.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"revenue fiscal fiscal stamp \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-branch\">service<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Financial\/Tax stamp <span class=\"pg-en\">Revenue \/ Fiscal Stamp<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n A stamp used for paying government fees and taxes (contracts, documents, licenses). Not for use in regular mail. Its specific field of use is Cinderella Philately, but it has an active collector's market.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"paquebot \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-branch\">service<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Steamer mail <span class=\"pg-en\">Paquebot Mail<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n Mail deposited on board a ship in port or at sea, bearing the stamps of its country of origin, and canceled with a special "paquebot" upon arrival at its first port of call. This is one of the most fascinating areas of postal history.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"tab-history\" class=\"pg-panel\">\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"penny black \u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-hist\">historic<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">The Penny Black \u2014 the world's first stamp <span class=\"pg-en\">Penny Black 1840<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n Issued in Britain on May 6, 1840, it features a portrait of the young Queen Victoria on a black background. It revolutionized the global postal system by placing the value on the stamp instead of collecting it from the recipient. Today, it sells for thousands of pounds used.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"UPU \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-hist\">historic<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Universal Postal Union <span class=\"pg-en\">UPU \u2014 Universal Postal Union<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n It was founded in Bern, Switzerland in 1874 and began operations on July 1, 1875. It standardized international postal rates and ensured cross-border delivery. Today, it has 192 members. October 9 is World Post Day, celebrated annually.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"rowland hill \u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-hist\">historic<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Roland Hill \u2014 the father of the postage stamp <span class=\"pg-en\">Sir Rowland Hill<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n The British reformer who, in 1837, proposed a system of postage stamps prepaid at a fixed rate (one penny) regardless of distance. Before him, rates were collected from the recipient and varied according to distance. His revolution created philatelia as a hobby.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"classic period \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-hist\">historic<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Classical era <span class=\"pg-en\">Classic Period (1840\u20131875)<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n The period of the world's earliest stamp issuance (c. 1840\u20131875) is characterized by precise hand-engraving on high-quality paper. Classic stamps are the most valuable collector's items. The earliest stamps of most countries in the world, including Arab countries, are included.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"philately \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-hist\">general<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Philatelia <span class=\"pg-en\">Philately<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n From the Greek words philos (lover) + ateleia (exemption from duty\u2014a reference to a stamp that exempts the recipient from paying). It means the study and collection of postage stamps and postal-related materials. A hobby practiced by more than 20 million people worldwide.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"APS RPSL BPA \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-hist\">organizations<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">World Philatelic Associations <span class=\"pg-en\">Philatelic Societies<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n <ul>\n <li><strong>RPSL:<\/strong> The Royal Philatelic Society \u2014 London \u2014 the oldest Philatelic society (1869)<\/li>\n <li><strong>BPA:<\/strong> Philatelia UK \u2014 issues internationally recognized certifications<\/li>\n <li><strong>APS:<\/strong> The American Philatelic Association \u2014 the world's largest Philatelic association<\/li>\n <li><strong>PF:<\/strong> The Philatelic Foundation \u2014 New York \u2014 Certificates of Authenticity for US Stamps<\/li>\n <li><strong>ESC:<\/strong> Egypt Studies Circle \u2014 specializing in Egyptian and Sudanese stamps<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"pg-footer\">\n The Arab Collector \u2014 The Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Philatelic Sciences and Philatelia<br>\n References: FIP, APS, RPSL, Stanley Gibbons, Scott Catalogue, Bale, Egypt Study Circle<br>\n <a href=\"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/knowledge-portal\/\">Knowledge Portal<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<script>\n(function(){\n'use strict';\n\nfunction pgTab(e, id) {\n document.querySelectorAll('#phil-glossary .pg-panel').forEach(function(p){ p.classList.remove('active'); });\n document.querySelectorAll('#phil-glossary .pg-tab').forEach(function(t){ t.classList.remove('active'); });\n document.getElementById(id).classList.add('active');\n e.currentTarget.classList.add('active');\n document.getElementById('pgNoResults').style.display = 'none';\n document.querySelectorAll('#phil-glossary .pg-item').forEach(function(i){ i.style.display = ''; });\n}\n\nfunction pgToggle(btn) {\n var item = btn.closest('.pg-item');\n var isOpen = item.classList.contains('open');\n item.classList.toggle('open', !isOpen);\n}\n\nfunction pgChip(chip, key, panelId) {\n document.querySelectorAll('#' + panelId + ' .pg-chip').forEach(function(c){ c.classList.remove('active'); });\n chip.classList.add('active');\n var panel = document.getElementById(panelId);\n panel.querySelectorAll('.pg-item').forEach(function(item){\n if(key === 'all') { item.style.display = ''; return; }\n var k = (item.dataset.k || '').toLowerCase();\n item.style.display = k.indexOf(key) !== -1 ? '' : 'none';\n });\n}\n\nfunction pgDoSearch() {\n var q = document.getElementById('pgSearch').value.trim().toLowerCase();\n if(!q) {\n document.querySelectorAll('#phil-glossary .pg-item').forEach(function(i){ i.style.display = ''; });\n document.getElementById('pgNoResults').style.display = 'none';\n return;\n }\n var found = 0;\n document.querySelectorAll('#phil-glossary .pg-panel').forEach(function(p){ p.classList.remove('active'); });\n document.querySelectorAll('#phil-glossary .pg-item').forEach(function(item){\n var text = (item.textContent || '').toLowerCase();\n var match = text.indexOf(q) !== -1;\n item.style.display = match ? '' : 'none';\n if(match) { found++; item.closest('.pg-panel').classList.add('active'); }\n });\n document.querySelectorAll('#phil-glossary .pg-tab').forEach(function(t){ t.classList.remove('active'); });\n document.getElementById('pgNoResults').style.display = found ? 'none' : 'block';\n}\n\n\/\/ Expose to global scope for onclick attributes\nwindow.pgTab = pgTab;\nwindow.pgToggle = pgToggle;\nwindow.pgChip = pgChip;\nwindow.pgDoSearch = pgDoSearch;\n\n})();\n<\/script>\n<\/body>\n<\/html>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f | \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u2014 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 FIP \u0648APS \u0648RPSL +150\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0651\u0642 8\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a+ \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u2699\ufe0f \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \ud83d\udda8\ufe0f \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \ud83d\udcca \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \ud83d\udcee \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \ud83d\udd2c \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \ud83c\udfc6 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \ud83c\udf10 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \ud83c\udfdb\ufe0f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \ud83d\udd0d\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 …<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":284874,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"wpupg_custom_link":[],"wpupg_custom_link_behaviour":[],"wpupg_custom_link_nofollow":[],"wpupg_custom_image":[],"wpupg_custom_image_id":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-285004","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/285004","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=285004"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/285004\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/284874"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=285004"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}

{"id":285004,"date":"2026-04-06T19:01:21","date_gmt":"2026-04-06T09:01:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/?page_id=285004"},"modified":"2026-04-06T19:01:25","modified_gmt":"2026-04-06T09:01:25","slug":"philatelic-terminology-guide","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/knowledge-portal\/philatelic-terminology-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"Dictionary of Stamp and Philatelic Terms"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\n\nThe Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Philatelic and Postal Sciences | The Arab Collector<\/title>\n<link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Amiri:wght@400;700&family=Cairo:wght@300;400;600;700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n<style>\n\/* \u2500\u2500 SCOPED: all styles under #phil-glossary only \u2500\u2500 *\/\n#phil-glossary {\n font-family: 'Cairo', sans-serif;\n direction: rtl;\n background: #fdfdfd;\n max-width: 1200px;\n margin: 0 auto;\n border-radius: 12px;\n box-shadow: 0 6px 32px rgba(0,0,0,0.09);\n overflow: hidden;\n border: 1px solid #e0e0e0;\n color: #1a1a1a;\n}\n#phil-glossary * { box-sizing: border-box; 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color: #1565c0; }\n.tag-cond { background: #f3e5f5; color: #7b1fa2; }\n.tag-print { background: #e8f5e9; color: #2e7d32; }\n.tag-hist { background: #fff3e0; color: #e65100; }\n.tag-rare { background: #fce4ec; color: #c62828; }\n.tag-tool { background: #e0f7fa; color: #00695c; }\n.tag-exhib { background: #fbe9e7; color: #bf360c; }\n.tag-branch { background: #f9fbe7; color: #558b2f; }\n\n@media (max-width: 600px) {\n #phil-glossary .pg-panel { padding: 14px 12px; }\n #phil-glossary .pg-trigger { padding: 12px 14px; }\n #phil-glossary .pg-trigger-title { font-size: 13px; }\n #phil-glossary .pg-tab { font-size: 12px; padding: 12px 8px; }\n}\n<\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n<div id=\"phil-glossary\">\n\n\n<div class=\"pg-hd\">\n <h1>Dictionary of Stamp and Philatelic Terms<\/h1>\n <p>The professional reference for amateurs, exhibitors, and international judges \u2014 in accordance with FIP, APS, and RPSL standards<\/p>\n <div class=\"pg-stats\">\n <div><span class=\"pg-stat-num\">+150<\/span><span class=\"pg-stat-lbl\">documented term<\/span><\/div>\n <div><span class=\"pg-stat-num\">8<\/span><span class=\"pg-stat-lbl\">Specialized departments<\/span><\/div>\n <div><span class=\"pg-stat-num\">Arab<\/span><span class=\"pg-stat-lbl\">+ English<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"pg-search\">\n <input type=\"search\" id=\"pgSearch\" placeholder=\"Search for any term: perforation, watermark, MNH, FDC, glue...\" oninput=\"pgDoSearch()\">\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"pg-tabs\">\n <button class=\"pg-tab active\" onclick=\"pgTab(event,'tab-tech')\">\u2699\ufe0f Artistic<\/button>\n <button class=\"pg-tab\" onclick=\"pgTab(event,'tab-print')\">\ud83d\udda8\ufe0f Print<\/button>\n <button class=\"pg-tab\" onclick=\"pgTab(event,'tab-cond')\">\ud83d\udcca Status<\/button>\n <button class=\"pg-tab\" onclick=\"pgTab(event,'tab-types')\">\ud83d\udcee Releases<\/button>\n <button class=\"pg-tab\" onclick=\"pgTab(event,'tab-tools')\">\ud83d\udd2c Tools<\/button>\n <button class=\"pg-tab\" onclick=\"pgTab(event,'tab-exhib')\">\ud83c\udfc6 Exhibitions<\/button>\n <button class=\"pg-tab\" onclick=\"pgTab(event,'tab-branch')\">\ud83c\udf10 Postal services<\/button>\n <button class=\"pg-tab\" onclick=\"pgTab(event,'tab-history')\">\ud83c\udfdb\ufe0f Historical<\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"pg-no-results\" id=\"pgNoResults\"><span style=\"font-size:36px;display:block;margin-bottom:10px\">\ud83d\udd0d<\/span>No matching results found<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"tab-tech\" class=\"pg-panel active\">\n <div class=\"pg-chips\">\n <span class=\"pg-chip active\" onclick=\"pgChip(this,'all','tab-tech')\">All<\/span>\n <span class=\"pg-chip\" onclick=\"pgChip(this,'perf','tab-tech')\">lace<\/span>\n <span class=\"pg-chip\" onclick=\"pgChip(this,'wm','tab-tech')\">Watermark<\/span>\n <span class=\"pg-chip\" onclick=\"pgChip(this,'gum','tab-tech')\">gum<\/span>\n <span class=\"pg-chip\" onclick=\"pgChip(this,'paper','tab-tech')\">paper<\/span>\n <span class=\"pg-chip\" onclick=\"pgChip(this,'over','tab-tech')\">Decoration<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"perf \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-tech\">lace<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">perforation <span class=\"pg-en\">Perforation<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n A series of small, evenly spaced holes between the stamps facilitates their separation without tearing. The number of holes is measured every 2 cm using a perforation gauge.<br><br>\n <strong>Types:<\/strong>\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Line Perf:<\/strong> Parallel holes in one direction \u2014 historically the most common<\/li>\n <li><strong>Comb perforation:<\/strong> Three sides are pierced at once.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Rotary perforation:<\/strong> A rotating cylinder that produces very regular holes<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"pg-note\">\u26a0\ufe0f A stamp whose perforation is measured with different values horizontally and vertically is called a \u201cCompound Perf\u201d and has a special collection value.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"perf \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0645\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-tech\">lace<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">non-perforated stamp <span class=\"pg-en\">Imperforate (Imperf)<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n A stamp that left the printing house without perforation. This may be a production error or an intentional cut for the collection. To prove authenticity, it must be present in <strong>husband<\/strong> (Imperforate Pair) Not individually \u2014 as any stamp may be cut at its edges to appear unperforated.\n <div class=\"pg-note\">\u26a0\ufe0f The single \u201cnon-perforated\u201d stamp is not recognized in exhibitions except with the certificate of an expert.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"perf \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-tech\">lace<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Unperforated between <span class=\"pg-en\">Imperforate Between<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n A pair of stamps lacking perforation despite having it on the outer edges. This is one of the most requested perforation errors by collectors.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"wm \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 watermark\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-tech\">Watermark<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">watermark <span class=\"pg-en\">Watermark<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n A design embedded in the paper pulp during manufacturing, visible only by shining light from behind the stamp or using a revealing liquid. It is used to prevent counterfeiting and to identify different prints.<br><br>\n <strong>Its conditions:<\/strong>\n <ul>\n <li>Upright \u2014 Original position<\/li>\n <li>Inverted \u2014 The paper was inserted into the machine upside down \u2192 Special value<\/li>\n <li>Sideways \u2014 horizontal position instead of vertical<\/li>\n <li>Reversed \u2014 horizontal reflection<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"pg-tip\">\ud83d\udca1 The Signoscope optical tool is the best for detection without any damage to the glue.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"gum \u0635\u0645\u063a \u0644\u0627\u0635\u0642\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-tech\">gum<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">gum <span class=\"pg-en\">Gum<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n The adhesive on the back of the stamp is used to affix it to the envelope. Its type and condition directly affect its revenue potential.<br><br>\n <ul>\n <li><strong>OG (Original Gum):<\/strong> The original gum is intact as made.<\/li>\n <li><strong>NH \/ MNH:<\/strong> Without a trace of the snot\u2014the highest value<\/li>\n <li><strong>HR (Hinge Remnant):<\/strong> Adherent remnants of a thorn<\/li>\n <li><strong>NG (No Gum):<\/strong> Without glue \u2014 removed or not found<\/li>\n <li><strong>Regummed:<\/strong> New glue added later \u2014 a distortion that reduces value<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"pg-tip\">\ud83d\udca1 Ultraviolet (UV) light reveals added glue because it glows a different color.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"gum \u0634\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0629 hinge\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-tech\">gum<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">The shneira <span class=\"pg-en\">Hinge<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n A small paper strip that was once used to secure stamps in albums. Peeling it off leaves a residue that diminishes the stamp's value for modern collectors who prefer NH.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"paper \u0648\u0631\u0642 chalk chalky\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-tech\">paper<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Types of stamp paper <span class=\"pg-en\">Paper Varieties<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Chalk paper (Chalky):<\/strong> White coating prevents counterfeiting \u2014 glows under UV<\/li>\n <li><strong>Ordinary paper:<\/strong> Pure cotton \u2014 the most common<\/li>\n <li><strong>Granite paper:<\/strong> Integrated colored fibers \u2014 a safety device<\/li>\n <li><strong>Fluorescent paper:<\/strong> It glows under UV for automated sorting.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Polymer paper:<\/strong> Plastic \u2014 the latest currency security technology<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"over \u062a\u0648\u0634\u064a\u062d overprint surcharge\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-tech\">Decoration<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">decoration <span class=\"pg-en\">Overprint<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n Additional printing over an existing stamp. Types:\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Change the value (Surcharge):<\/strong> Print a new value over the old value<\/li>\n <li><strong>Defining the use:<\/strong> As a designation for \u201cOfficial Service\u201d or \u201cForeign Use Only\u201d<\/li>\n <li><strong>Regional classification:<\/strong> To convert state stamps for use in another territory<\/li>\n <li><strong>Memorial:<\/strong> Decorating the text of an occasion or date<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <strong>His mistakes:<\/strong> Inverted \/ Double \/ Absent \/ Joking \u2014 all errors with high academic value.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 centering \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-tech\">technical<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Centralization <span class=\"pg-en\">Centering<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n The accuracy of the printed design's positioning relative to the four margins of the stamp. Perfectly centered (OC) means equal margins on all sides and greatly increases the stamp's value.\n <div class=\"pg-tip\">\ud83d\udca1 Many stamps light up and are worth 10 times more when perfectly centered compared to their misaligned counterparts.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"\u0644\u0648\u0646 colour color variety \u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0639\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-tech\">technical<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Color variations <span class=\"pg-en\">Colour Varieties \/ Shades<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n The same print may be produced in different shades due to variations in ink composition or storage conditions. Each shade may have a different value in the catalog. The Stanley Gibbons catalog is the most accurate reference for classifying shades.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"tab-print\" class=\"pg-panel\">\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"recess \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0641\u0631 gravure\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-print\">print<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Intaglio printing <span class=\"pg-en\">Recess \/ Intaglio \/ Engraving<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n The most elegant method of stamp printing. The details are engraved into a metal plate, filled with ink, and then paper is pressed onto it to draw the ink out. The result: a raised, tactile design. Used in rare classic stamps and by companies such as Bradbury Wilkinson.\n <div class=\"pg-tip\">\ud83d\udca1 How to distinguish: Touch the design with your finger \u2014 the intaglio print feels.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"lithography \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0641\u0633\u062a\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-print\">print<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Lithography \/ Offset Printing <span class=\"pg-en\">Lithography \/ Offset<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n It is based on the principle that water and oil do not mix. The design is drawn on a stone or metal plate with an oily substance. The surface accepts the ink where the design is applied and rejects it where the water is present. Offset printing is its modern version, using rubber rollers.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"letterpress relief \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-print\">print<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">relief printing <span class=\"pg-en\">Letterpress \/ Typography<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n The oldest method \u2014 ink on a raised surface imprinted on paper. It was common in early editions before 1920. It gives a sharp appearance but is less precise than intaglio. It is clearly visible under a microscope (clear ink dots).\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"heliogravure photogravure \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-print\">print<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Heliographer \/ Photographer <span class=\"pg-en\">Photogravure \/ Heliogravure<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n A technique combining intaglio etching and photography. The design is transferred by light onto an engraved metal cylinder. High-quality stamps are produced in multiple colors. Common in British and German post-World War II issues.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"double print \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-rare\">rare mistake<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Double printing <span class=\"pg-en\">Double Print<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n Passing the paper through the printing press twice produces a duplicate design with a slight shift. This is one of the most requested and valuable printing errors in the market.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"inverted center \u0645\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-rare\">rare mistake<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Inverted design <span class=\"pg-en\">Inverted Center \/ Frame<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n In multi-print stamps: if the paper is inserted upside down in the second printing stage, the center or frame will appear upside down by 180\u00b0. This is one of the most valuable printing errors in the world.\n <div class=\"pg-note\">\ud83c\udfc6 The 1918 American \u201cInverted Jenny\u201d sold for over a million dollars.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"missing colour \u0644\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u062e\u0637\u0623\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-rare\">rare mistake<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">The missing color <span class=\"pg-en\">Missing Colour<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n The absence of a complete color from the stamp print\u2014either due to ink depletion or a color cylinder malfunction\u2014is a genuine issue. The missing color is confirmed by a certified expert (BPA or PF). Chemical bleaching produces a similar appearance but is counterfeit.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"colour shift \u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0623\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-rare\">mistake<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Color displacement <span class=\"pg-en\">Color Shift \/ Misregistration<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n Mismatch between two or more ink layers during printing results in a color appearing outside the intended boundaries. Large offsets (+5 mm) are of particular importance. Measured in millimeters.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"tab-cond\" class=\"pg-panel\">\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"MNH mint never hinged \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-cond\">the condition<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">MNH \u2014 New without a hook <span class=\"pg-en\">Mint Never Hinged<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n The ideal condition for any stamp\u2014complete, original adhesive without any trace of chipping or touching. The most valuable on the market. It is symbolized by... <strong>MNH<\/strong> or <strong>**<\/strong> In the catalogs.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"used \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 cancelled \u0623\u0644\u063a\u064a\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-cond\">the condition<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Used \/ Cancelled <span class=\"pg-en\">Used \/ Cancelled<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n A stamp that has its postage value and has actually been used. The stamp affixed is called a "cancellation stamp." Classic stamps used on the cover are often more valuable than those used individually.\n <div class=\"pg-tip\">\ud83d\udca1 \u201cCancel To Order\u201d (CTO) stamps are stamps that have been collectively cancelled without actual postal use \u2014 less valuable than those actually used.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"VF XF fine very fine \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-cond\">the condition<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Condition degrees <span class=\"pg-en\">Grade Descriptions: VF\/F\/VG\/P<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Superb (SUP):<\/strong> Absolutely perfect \u2014 fully centered, intact original glue<\/li>\n <li><strong>Very Fine (VF):<\/strong> Excellent \u2014 almost even margins, good adhesive<\/li>\n <li><strong>Fine (F):<\/strong> Good \u2014 suitable margins, the glue may be slightly cracked<\/li>\n <li><strong>Very Good (VG):<\/strong> Acceptable \u2014 slightly skewed or one short margin<\/li>\n <li><strong>Good (G):<\/strong> Weak \u2014 design flaws that disrupt the design or obvious defects<\/li>\n <li><strong>Poor (P):<\/strong> Poor \u2014 only for filling in the group<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"fault \u0639\u064a\u0628 tear \u062a\u0645\u0632\u0642 thin \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642 crease \u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-cond\">flaws<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Common character flaws <span class=\"pg-en\">Faults<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Thin (delicate):<\/strong> Thinning of the paper from the back \u2014 revealed by shining a light on it<\/li>\n <li><strong>Tear:<\/strong> A cut in the paper \u2014 significantly reduces the value<\/li>\n <li><strong>Crease (fold):<\/strong> A fold in the paper \u2014 visible by running a finger across it<\/li>\n <li><strong>Stain:<\/strong> Contamination from moisture or external materials<\/li>\n <li><strong>Short Perf (short perforation):<\/strong> One or more of the holes are shorter than usual.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Missing Perf (Missing Hole):<\/strong> Absence of a complete hole<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"pg-note\">\u26a0\ufe0f The defective stamp is not accepted by PCGS or PF certification offices in high-grade boxes.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"soaking \u0646\u0642\u0639 \u063a\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-cond\">technical<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Soak the stamps <span class=\"pg-en\">Soaking<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n The technique for removing stamps from envelopes involves soaking them in warm water and then drying them on a flat absorbent sheet. This method is not suitable for soluble ink or self-adhesive stamps.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"tab-types\" class=\"pg-panel\">\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"definitive \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-branch\">Issue<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Circulation stamps <span class=\"pg-en\">Definitives<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n Regular stamps are issued for daily circulation over many years. They carry multiple values and designs representing enduring national symbols. They are issued in long series and may be reprinted several times, producing valuable collectible variations.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"commemorative \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-branch\">Issue<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Commemorative stamps <span class=\"pg-en\">Commemoratives<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n Issued for a limited period, ranging from weeks to months, to commemorate an event or figure. They are typically larger and more colorful than commemorative coins. Their discontinuation makes them rarer and more sought after.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"souvenir sheet \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-branch\">Issue<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Stamp card <span class=\"pg-en\">Souvenir Sheet \/ Miniature Sheet<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n A special edition containing a single stamp or set within a larger decorative frame bearing the event details. Designed primarily for collectors and not for postal circulation. Cards without perforation (Imperf S\/S) are rarer.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"booklet \u0643\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062f\u0641\u062a\u0631\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-branch\">Issue<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Stamp booklet <span class=\"pg-en\">Stamp Booklet<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n Stamps are issued in a small sleeve for carrying in a wallet. They usually contain 4 to 20 stamps. Old booklets in their original, sealed condition are much more valuable than individual stamps.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"se-tenant \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0642\u0629 \u0632\u0648\u062c\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-branch\">Issue<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Intertwined stamps <span class=\"pg-en\">Se-tenant<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n Two or more prints with different designs or values are printed together and joined. They are usually assembled as a single unit. These prints are popular for producing integrated visual compositions.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"coil roll \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u0641\u0629\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-branch\">Issue<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Roll stamps <span class=\"pg-en\">Coil Stamps<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n Stamps are printed in long rolls for automatic machines. They have perforations only on one side (two sides) or straight on both sides. Distinguishing them from page clippings is important.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"self-adhesive \u0644\u0627\u0635\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-branch\">Issue<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Self-adhesive stamp <span class=\"pg-en\">Self-adhesive<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n Stamps with pre-glued adhesive for easy application without soaking. Instead of traditional perforation, they are die-cut. Collectible, they are either on their original paper or carefully peeled off.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"provisional \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-branch\">Issue<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Temporary stamp <span class=\"pg-en\">Provisional<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n A temporary stamp is issued when a particular issue is unavailable or its value changes. It is often an older stamp overlaid with a new value. Many temporary stamps are very rare.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"tab-tools\" class=\"pg-panel\">\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"tweezers \u0645\u0644\u0642\u0637 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-tool\">tool<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">tweezers <span class=\"pg-en\">Tweezers \/ Tongs<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n The first essential tool for every hobbyist. Its edges are smooth (non-serrated) to hold the stamp without damaging the paper fibers or transferring hand grease to it. Good quality metal is preferable to plastic.\n <div class=\"pg-tip\">\ud83d\udca1 Never hold rare stamps in your hand \u2014 grease damages the glue and fibers.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"magnifier \u0639\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-tool\">tool<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">magnifying lens <span class=\"pg-en\">Magnifier \/ Loupe<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n To examine the printing details and detect forgery and defects:\n <ul>\n <li><strong>10x:<\/strong> Most commonly \u2014 for general examination<\/li>\n <li><strong>20\u201340x:<\/strong> For detailed information and printing method<\/li>\n <li><strong>Digital Microscope (USB Microscope):<\/strong> It connects to a computer to capture and document details.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"perforation gauge \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-tool\">tool<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">perforation gauge <span class=\"pg-en\">Perforation Gauge<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n A ruler specifically designed to measure the number of perforations in 2 cm. Essential for distinguishing between similar versions with different perforations. The British Instanta brand is among the most accurate and precise.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"watermark detector \u0643\u0627\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-tool\">tool<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Watermark detector <span class=\"pg-en\">Watermark Detector<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Reagent liquid (Oden\/Donn Fluid):<\/strong> The stamp is temporarily moistened to show the mark on a black container \u2014 safe and without harm to the adhesive if used carefully.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Light Signoscope:<\/strong> Reveals the mark with light without any liquid \u2014 best for rare stamps with MNH adhesive<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"UV lamp \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-tool\">tool<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">UV lamp <span class=\"pg-en\">UV Lamp (Ultraviolet)<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n It reveals: postal phosphorus, added glue, repaired paper, chemically bleached stamps, and counterfeit overlays.\n <ul>\n <li><strong>366 nanometers:<\/strong> Phosphorus and added gum reveal<\/li>\n <li><strong>254 nanometers:<\/strong> Chemical bleaching and paper types reveal<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"pg-tip\">\ud83d\udca1 Investing in a good UV lamp saves money from the first purchase.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"stockbook album \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0623\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-tool\">storage<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Stamp album and folder <span class=\"pg-en\">Album \/ Stockbook<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Stockbook:<\/strong> Clear plastic pockets for storing stamps safely without adhesive<\/li>\n <li><strong>Album (achievement album):<\/strong> Pages printed with specific locations for each stamp \u2014 for organized display<\/li>\n <li><strong>Acid-free is essential:<\/strong> The materials must be acid-free to prevent the stamps from deteriorating over time.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"catalogue \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-tool\">reference<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">World Stamp Catalogues <span class=\"pg-en\">Philatelic Catalogues<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Stanley Gibbons (SG):<\/strong> The most comprehensive reference for the British Commonwealth and the world \u2014 the most accurate in classifying colors and perforations<\/li>\n <li><strong>Scott:<\/strong> The American reference \u2014 the most widely circulated international stamps worldwide<\/li>\n <li><strong>Michel:<\/strong> German reference \u2014 excellent for European and Ottoman<\/li>\n <li><strong>Yvert & Tellier:<\/strong> The French reference \u2014 for Francophones and North Africa<\/li>\n <li><strong>Bale:<\/strong> Specialist in stamps of the Middle East and Arab countries<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"tab-exhib\" class=\"pg-panel\">\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"FIP \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-exhib\">Exhibitions<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">International Filipino Union <span class=\"pg-en\">FIP \u2014 Federation Internationale de Philat\u00e9lie<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n The international organization sponsoring the World Filatelia Exhibitions (WIPA) and FILATELIA. It sets the judging criteria, exhibition categories, and participation requirements. Its headquarters are in Switzerland.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"frame \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-exhib\">Exhibitions<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">framework <span class=\"pg-en\">Frame<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n The standard display unit for international exhibitions accommodates 16 A4 pages. International exhibitors are permitted to display between 5 and 8 frames (80\u2013128 pages). The opening pages (Title Page + Summary) are not included in the display.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"judging \u062a\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-exhib\">arbitration<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">International arbitration standards <span class=\"pg-en\">Judging Criteria \u2014 FIP<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n Distribution of the 100 points in the Postal History exhibitions:\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Presentation and delivery (5 points):<\/strong> Beautiful design and readability<\/li>\n <li><strong>Status and rarity (30 points):<\/strong> Condition 10 + Rarity 20<\/li>\n <li><strong>Knowledge and personal study (35 points):<\/strong> Highest single weight<\/li>\n <li><strong>Treatment and importance (30 points):<\/strong> Processing 20 + Importance 10<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <strong>Medal limit:<\/strong> 90+ Gold \u00b7 85\u201389 Large Gold Silver \u00b7 75\u201384 Large Silver \u00b7 65\u201374 Silver \u00b7 55\u201364 Silver Bronze \u00b7 45\u201354 Bronze\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"medals \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-exhib\">arbitration<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">medal handshake <span class=\"pg-en\">Medal Scale<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Large Gold:<\/strong> 95\u2013100 points<\/li>\n <li><strong>Gold (\u0630\u0647\u0628):<\/strong> 90\u201394 points<\/li>\n <li><strong>Large Vermeil (large gold):<\/strong> 85\u201389 points<\/li>\n <li><strong>Vermeil (doctrine):<\/strong> 80\u201384 points<\/li>\n <li><strong>Large Silver:<\/strong> 75\u201379 points<\/li>\n <li><strong>Silver:<\/strong> 70\u201374 points<\/li>\n <li><strong>Silver Bronze:<\/strong> 65\u201369 points<\/li>\n <li><strong>Bronze:<\/strong> 60\u201364 points<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"exhibit categories \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-exhib\">Exhibitions<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">International Show Categories <span class=\"pg-en\">Exhibit Classes<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Postal History:<\/strong> Study of pathways, rates, and seals<\/li>\n <li><strong>Classical (Classic Philately):<\/strong> Pre-1945 editions<\/li>\n <li><strong>Thematic\/Topical:<\/strong> A specific subject such as animals or art<\/li>\n <li><strong>Technical (Philatelic Literature):<\/strong> Philatelic research and books<\/li>\n <li><strong>Post-war (Modern):<\/strong> Post-1945 editions<\/li>\n <li><strong>Youth:<\/strong> For those under 18 years old<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"intro page title plan \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-exhib\">Exhibitions<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Title and summary page <span class=\"pg-en\">Title Page & Synopsis<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n The two most important pages in the exhibition \u2014 are sent to the judges before the exhibition:\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Title page:<\/strong> It defines the scope, purpose, and organizational plan.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Summary page:<\/strong> Top 12 Items List + Latest Changes<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"tab-branch\" class=\"pg-panel\">\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"FDC \u0645\u063a\u0644\u0641 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644 first day cover\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-branch\">service<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Day 1 envelope <span class=\"pg-en\">First Day Cover \u2014 FDC<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n An envelope sealed with a special stamp on the first day of the stamp's official issue. It bears the new stamp(s) and the date stamp from which city. The most valuable is the FDC from the city where the stamp was first officially issued.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"registered mail \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644 R\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-branch\">service<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Registered mail <span class=\"pg-en\">Registered Mail<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n A service that ensures the message is tracked from sender to recipient. It is distinguished by a label bearing the letter R and a tracking number. Registered envelopes have special collection value due to the presence of two stamps\u2014cancellation on dispatch and arrival on receipt.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"airmail \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0648\u064a \u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-branch\">service<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Air Mail <span class=\"pg-en\">Airmail<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n Mail transported by air. The first organized air service began in 1918. Early airmail stamps are among the most valuable stamps. Early airmail seals and packaging are among the most important topics in postal history.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"TPO travelling post office \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-branch\">service<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Mobile Post Office <span class=\"pg-en\">Traveling Post Office \u2014 TPO<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n A mail cart operating on the train sorts letters and cancels their stamps while in motion. TPO stamps are among the rarest and most sought-after postal stamps in postal history. Egypt was the first African country to adopt this system (1875).\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"postage due \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-branch\">service<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">fine stamps <span class=\"pg-en\">Postage Due<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n These are stamps affixed to incoming mail with a reduced postage charge to indicate the amount to be collected from the recipient. Their designs and lettering differ from regular stamps\u2014they usually include the word \u201cTaxe\u201d or \u201cPostage Due\u201d or its equivalent in Arabic.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"revenue fiscal fiscal stamp \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-branch\">service<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Financial\/Tax stamp <span class=\"pg-en\">Revenue \/ Fiscal Stamp<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n A stamp used for paying government fees and taxes (contracts, documents, licenses). Not for use in regular mail. Its specific field of use is Cinderella Philately, but it has an active collector's market.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"paquebot \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-branch\">service<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Steamer mail <span class=\"pg-en\">Paquebot Mail<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n Mail deposited on board a ship in port or at sea, bearing the stamps of its country of origin, and canceled with a special "paquebot" upon arrival at its first port of call. This is one of the most fascinating areas of postal history.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"tab-history\" class=\"pg-panel\">\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"penny black \u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-hist\">historic<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">The Penny Black \u2014 the world's first stamp <span class=\"pg-en\">Penny Black 1840<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n Issued in Britain on May 6, 1840, it features a portrait of the young Queen Victoria on a black background. It revolutionized the global postal system by placing the value on the stamp instead of collecting it from the recipient. Today, it sells for thousands of pounds used.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"UPU \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-hist\">historic<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Universal Postal Union <span class=\"pg-en\">UPU \u2014 Universal Postal Union<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n It was founded in Bern, Switzerland in 1874 and began operations on July 1, 1875. It standardized international postal rates and ensured cross-border delivery. Today, it has 192 members. October 9 is World Post Day, celebrated annually.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"rowland hill \u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-hist\">historic<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Roland Hill \u2014 the father of the postage stamp <span class=\"pg-en\">Sir Rowland Hill<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n The British reformer who, in 1837, proposed a system of postage stamps prepaid at a fixed rate (one penny) regardless of distance. Before him, rates were collected from the recipient and varied according to distance. His revolution created philatelia as a hobby.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"classic period \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-hist\">historic<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Classical era <span class=\"pg-en\">Classic Period (1840\u20131875)<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n The period of the world's earliest stamp issuance (c. 1840\u20131875) is characterized by precise hand-engraving on high-quality paper. Classic stamps are the most valuable collector's items. The earliest stamps of most countries in the world, including Arab countries, are included.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"philately \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-hist\">general<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">Philatelia <span class=\"pg-en\">Philately<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n From the Greek words philos (lover) + ateleia (exemption from duty\u2014a reference to a stamp that exempts the recipient from paying). It means the study and collection of postage stamps and postal-related materials. A hobby practiced by more than 20 million people worldwide.\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pg-item\" data-k=\"APS RPSL BPA \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\">\n <button class=\"pg-trigger\" onclick=\"pgToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-right\"><span class=\"pg-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><span class=\"pg-trigger-tag tag-hist\">organizations<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"pg-trigger-title\">World Philatelic Associations <span class=\"pg-en\">Philatelic Societies<\/span><\/div>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"pg-body\"><div class=\"pg-body-inner\">\n <ul>\n <li><strong>RPSL:<\/strong> The Royal Philatelic Society \u2014 London \u2014 the oldest Philatelic society (1869)<\/li>\n <li><strong>BPA:<\/strong> Philatelia UK \u2014 issues internationally recognized certifications<\/li>\n <li><strong>APS:<\/strong> The American Philatelic Association \u2014 the world's largest Philatelic association<\/li>\n <li><strong>PF:<\/strong> The Philatelic Foundation \u2014 New York \u2014 Certificates of Authenticity for US Stamps<\/li>\n <li><strong>ESC:<\/strong> Egypt Studies Circle \u2014 specializing in Egyptian and Sudanese stamps<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"pg-footer\">\n The Arab Collector \u2014 The Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Philatelic Sciences and Philatelia<br>\n References: FIP, APS, RPSL, Stanley Gibbons, Scott Catalogue, Bale, Egypt Study Circle<br>\n <a href=\"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/knowledge-portal\/\">Knowledge Portal<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<script>\n(function(){\n'use strict';\n\nfunction pgTab(e, id) {\n document.querySelectorAll('#phil-glossary .pg-panel').forEach(function(p){ p.classList.remove('active'); });\n document.querySelectorAll('#phil-glossary .pg-tab').forEach(function(t){ t.classList.remove('active'); });\n document.getElementById(id).classList.add('active');\n e.currentTarget.classList.add('active');\n document.getElementById('pgNoResults').style.display = 'none';\n document.querySelectorAll('#phil-glossary .pg-item').forEach(function(i){ i.style.display = ''; });\n}\n\nfunction pgToggle(btn) {\n var item = btn.closest('.pg-item');\n var isOpen = item.classList.contains('open');\n item.classList.toggle('open', !isOpen);\n}\n\nfunction pgChip(chip, key, panelId) {\n document.querySelectorAll('#' + panelId + ' .pg-chip').forEach(function(c){ c.classList.remove('active'); });\n chip.classList.add('active');\n var panel = document.getElementById(panelId);\n panel.querySelectorAll('.pg-item').forEach(function(item){\n if(key === 'all') { item.style.display = ''; return; }\n var k = (item.dataset.k || '').toLowerCase();\n item.style.display = k.indexOf(key) !== -1 ? '' : 'none';\n });\n}\n\nfunction pgDoSearch() {\n var q = document.getElementById('pgSearch').value.trim().toLowerCase();\n if(!q) {\n document.querySelectorAll('#phil-glossary .pg-item').forEach(function(i){ i.style.display = ''; });\n document.getElementById('pgNoResults').style.display = 'none';\n return;\n }\n var found = 0;\n document.querySelectorAll('#phil-glossary .pg-panel').forEach(function(p){ p.classList.remove('active'); });\n document.querySelectorAll('#phil-glossary .pg-item').forEach(function(item){\n var text = (item.textContent || '').toLowerCase();\n var match = text.indexOf(q) !== -1;\n item.style.display = match ? '' : 'none';\n if(match) { found++; item.closest('.pg-panel').classList.add('active'); }\n });\n document.querySelectorAll('#phil-glossary .pg-tab').forEach(function(t){ t.classList.remove('active'); });\n document.getElementById('pgNoResults').style.display = found ? 'none' : 'block';\n}\n\n\/\/ Expose to global scope for onclick attributes\nwindow.pgTab = pgTab;\nwindow.pgToggle = pgToggle;\nwindow.pgChip = pgChip;\nwindow.pgDoSearch = pgDoSearch;\n\n})();\n<\/script>\n<\/body>\n<\/html>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f | \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u2014 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 FIP \u0648APS \u0648RPSL +150\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0651\u0642 8\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a+ \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u2699\ufe0f \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \ud83d\udda8\ufe0f \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \ud83d\udcca \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \ud83d\udcee \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \ud83d\udd2c \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \ud83c\udfc6 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \ud83c\udf10 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \ud83c\udfdb\ufe0f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \ud83d\udd0d\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 …<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":284874,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"wpupg_custom_link":[],"wpupg_custom_link_behaviour":[],"wpupg_custom_link_nofollow":[],"wpupg_custom_image":[],"wpupg_custom_image_id":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-285004","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/285004","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=285004"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/285004\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/284874"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=285004"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}