Encyclopedia of Stamp Errors and Counterfeiting<\/title>\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\n<link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Amiri:wght@400;700&family=Cairo:wght@300;400;600;700;900&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n<style>\n:root{\n --red:#9B1B1B;--red-l:#C0392B;--blue:#0D3B6E;--blue-l:#1A5494;\n --gold:#A0780A;--gold-l:#C49A1A;--gold-pale:#FBF5E0;\n --green:#1B5E20;--green-l:#2E7D32;--purple:#4A148C;--purple-l:#6A1B9A;\n --orange:#C45E00;--teal:#006064;\n --ink:#1A1A1A;--text:#2C2C2C;--text2:#5A4A3A;--text3:#8A7A6A;\n --bg:#F7F4EF;--card:#FFFFFF;--border:#E4DDD0;--border2:#CCC0A8;\n --shadow:0 2px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.07);--shadow2:0 6px 24px rgba(0,0,0,0.12);\n}\n*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}\nbody{font-family:'Cairo',sans-serif;background:var(--bg);color:var(--text);direction:rtl;font-size:14px;line-height:1.7}\n\n#spt{max-width:1100px;margin:0 auto;background:var(--card);border:1px solid 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var(--border);border-radius:9px;padding:14px}\n.ps-n{width:32px;height:32px;border-radius:50%;flex-shrink:0;background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--blue),var(--blue-l));color:#fff;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-weight:900;font-size:13px}\n.ps-c h4{font-size:13px;margin-bottom:5px;color:var(--ink)}\n.ps-c p{font-size:12px;color:var(--text2);line-height:1.7}\n\n\/* TABLE *\/\n.dt{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:12px;margin:12px 0}\n.dt th{background:#F2EDE4;padding:9px 12px;text-align:right;font-weight:700;color:var(--gold);border-bottom:2px solid var(--border2)}\n.dt td{padding:9px 12px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border);vertical-align:top}\n.dt tr:last-child td{border-bottom:none}\n.dt tr:hover td{background:var(--gold-pale)}\n\n\/* FILTER CHIPS *\/\n.fc{display:flex;gap:6px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-bottom:18px}\n.fc .chip{padding:5px 12px;border-radius:18px;font-size:11px;font-weight:700;cursor:pointer;border:1px solid var(--border);background:#fff;color:var(--text2);transition:all .2s}\n.fc .chip:hover,.fc .chip.active{background:var(--blue-l);color:#fff;border-color:var(--blue-l)}\n\n.no-res{text-align:center;padding:40px;color:var(--text3);display:none}\n.spt-footer{padding:16px 22px;background:#F2EDE4;border-top:1px solid var(--border);font-size:11px;color:var(--text3);text-align:center;line-height:1.8}\n\n@media(max-width:600px){\n .spt-panel{padding:16px 12px}\n .cmp{grid-template-columns:1fr}\n .eg{grid-template-columns:1fr}\n .sp-title{font-size:12px}\n}\n<\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n<div id=\"spt\">\n\n\n<div class=\"spt-hd\">\n <span class=\"spt-hd-icon\">\u2709\ufe0f<\/span>\n <h1>Encyclopedia of Postage Stamp Errors and Counterfeiting<\/h1>\n <p>A comprehensive technical reference for amateurs and professionals \u2014 compliant with APS, BPA, RPSL, and Philatelic Foundation standards<\/p>\n <div class=\"spt-badges\">\n <span class=\"spt-badge\">Printing errors<\/span>\n <span class=\"spt-badge\">Perforation errors<\/span>\n <span class=\"spt-badge\">Watermarks<\/span>\n <span class=\"spt-badge\">Detecting forgery<\/span>\n <span class=\"spt-badge\">Arabic stamps<\/span>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"spt-search\">\n <input type=\"text\" id=\"sptSrch\" placeholder=\"Search: Inverted, Perforation, Watermark, Falsification, Phosphor, Gene, Inverted...\" oninput=\"sptSearch()\">\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"spt-tabs\">\n <button class=\"spt-tab active\" onclick=\"sptTab(event,'p1')\"><span>\ud83d\udda8\ufe0f<\/span> Printing errors<\/button>\n <button class=\"spt-tab\" onclick=\"sptTab(event,'p2')\"><span>\u2702\ufe0f<\/span> Perforation errors<\/button>\n <button class=\"spt-tab\" onclick=\"sptTab(event,'p3')\"><span>\ud83d\udca7<\/span> Paper and marks<\/button>\n <button class=\"spt-tab\" onclick=\"sptTab(event,'p4')\"><span>\ud83d\udd0d<\/span> forgery<\/button>\n <button class=\"spt-tab\" onclick=\"sptTab(event,'p5')\"><span>\ud83e\uddea<\/span> Detection tools<\/button>\n <button class=\"spt-tab\" onclick=\"sptTab(event,'p6')\"><span>\ud83c\udf19<\/span> Arabic stamps<\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"no-res\" id=\"noRes\"><span style=\"font-size:36px;display:block;margin-bottom:10px\">\ud83d\udd0e<\/span>No matching results found<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"p1\" class=\"spt-panel active\">\n <div class=\"sp-sec-title\" style=\"color:var(--red)\"><span>\ud83d\udda8\ufe0f<\/span> Printing and design errors<\/div>\n\n <div class=\"fc\">\n <span class=\"chip active\" onclick=\"spFilter(this,'all','p1')\">All<\/span>\n <span class=\"chip\" onclick=\"spFilter(this,'inv','p1')\">upside down<\/span>\n <span class=\"chip\" onclick=\"spFilter(this,'col','p1')\">Loni<\/span>\n <span class=\"chip\" onclick=\"spFilter(this,'over','p1')\">Decoration<\/span>\n <span class=\"chip\" onclick=\"spFilter(this,'mech','p1')\">mechanical<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\" data-k=\"inv\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--red)\">\u0661<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Inverted Center \/ Inverted Frame<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-rare\">Very rare<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>In stamps printed in two separate processes (two-color or multi-layered), if the paper is inserted upside down in the second pass, the resulting internal design (center or frame) is inverted 180\u00b0 relative to the other design.<\/p>\n <div class=\"ib red\"><strong>\ud83c\udfc6 Famous global examples<\/strong>The 1918 U.S. "Upside-Down Genie" stamp (24 cents) sold for over $1 million. The 1855 Swedish "Upside-Down Head" stamp. The 1901 Papua New Guinea "Upside-Down" stamp.<\/div>\n <div class=\"eg\">\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf8 America<\/div><div class=\"en\">Inverted Jenny 1918<\/div><div class=\"ed\">The most famous stamp error in history: Jenny's plane upside down. It fetched $1.35 million at auction in 2016.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">\ud83c\uddf8\ud83c\uddea Sweden<\/div><div class=\"en\">Treskilling Yellow 1855<\/div><div class=\"ed\">It was mistakenly printed in yellow instead of green. It is one of the most expensive stamps in the world.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">\ud83c\uddec\ud83c\udde7 Britain<\/div><div class=\"en\">Orange Half-Penny 1859<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Inverted color in the Bahamas version. Rare in Commonwealth collections.<\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"db\"><span class=\"dl\">Difficulty in detection<\/span><div class=\"dbt\"><div class=\"dbf\" style=\"width:15%;background:var(--green-l)\"><\/div><\/div><span style=\"color:var(--text3)\">Very easy<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"db\"><span class=\"dl\">Acquired value<\/span><div class=\"dbt\"><div class=\"dbf\" style=\"width:98%;background:var(--gold-l)\"><\/div><\/div><span style=\"color:var(--text3)\">exceptional<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\" data-k=\"col\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--purple-l)\">\u0662<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Color Shift \/ Misregistration<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-print\">Print error<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>Misalignment of two or more ink layers during printing results in a color appearing outside its designated boundaries. This ranges from a slight shift, only noticeable under a microscope, to a very large shift, visible to the naked eye.<\/p>\n <ul class=\"cl\">\n <li>Major offset: The color appears completely out of character or covers part of the other design.<\/li>\n <li>Slight displacement: only adds value if it exceeds 2 mm and is noticeable.<\/li>\n <li class=\"w\">Always check that the displacement did not occur as a result of subsequent damage or moisture to the stamp.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"ib blue\"><strong>\ud83d\udcd0 Displacement measurement<\/strong>It is measured in millimeters from its designated position. An offset of +5 mm is considered "large" and highly valued in most catalogs.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\" data-k=\"col\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--purple-l)\">\u0663<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Missing Color<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-rare\">rare<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>The absence of a complete color on the stamp is due to the failure to feed a specific ink during the printing process. The color of the front, background, or value text may disappear entirely.<\/p>\n <div class=\"ib red\"><strong>\u26a0\ufe0f Warning<\/strong>The true absence of color must be proven by a certified expert (BPA, PF, or RPSL). Some stamps appear \u201ccolorless\u201d due to chemical bleaching, which is a forgery and not a genuine defect.<\/div>\n <div class=\"eg\">\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">\ud83c\uddec\ud83c\udde7 Britain<\/div><div class=\"en\">Machine Missing Color<\/div><div class=\"ed\">The famous Machine series produced dozens of cases of missing color, especially in printing on Questa machines.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf8 America<\/div><div class=\"en\">Space Issues Missing Colors<\/div><div class=\"ed\">American space releases have seen instances of the complete absence of blue or red.<\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\" data-k=\"mech\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--orange)\">\u0664<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Double printing \/ Double Impression<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-err\">mechanical fault<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>Passing a stamp sheet through the same printing press or one of its stages twice produces a duplicate design with slight or complete deviation. This differs from double minting in the world of currency in that it involves a single color or a complete layer of ink.<\/p>\n <div class=\"cmp\">\n <div class=\"cmp-col orig\"><h5>\u2705 True double printing<\/h5><ul><li>Both prints are from the same ink.<\/li><li>The shift is consistent in character.<\/li><li>Clear under slanted light<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n <div class=\"cmp-col fake\"><h5>\u274c Double-sided printing forgery<\/h5><ul><li>Subsequent manual printing<\/li><li>The ink is chemically different<\/li><li>UV rays reveal the difference<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\" data-k=\"over\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--teal)\">\u0665<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Overprint Errors \u2014 Inverted, Doubled, and Missing<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-err\">Decoration<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>Overlaying is the printing of text, values, or designs over a completed original stamp. Its errors are among the most common and requested:<\/p>\n <ul class=\"cl\">\n <li><strong>Inverted Overprint:<\/strong> The text was printed upside down (180\u00b0)<\/li>\n <li><strong>Double Overprint:<\/strong> The text was printed twice with a slight shift.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Missing Overprint:<\/strong> The stamp was issued without the required overlay.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Shifted Overprint:<\/strong> The text is not in its designated place.<\/li>\n <li class=\"w\">The missing overlay is the most frequently counterfeited \u2014 the overlay is chemically removed to produce \u201crare\u201d stamps.\u201d<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"ib red\"><strong>\ud83d\udd2c Mandatory disclosure<\/strong>Any "absent overprint" stamp must undergo UV and spectroscopic examination before acceptance. APS or BPA certification is mandatory for sale at major auctions.<\/div>\n <div class=\"eg\">\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">\ud83c\uddf8\ud83c\udde6 Saudi Arabia<\/div><div class=\"en\">Inverted Najd decoration<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Instances of inverted inscriptions have been documented in some editions of the Hijazi government's inscriptions. This is rare in specialized collections.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">\ud83c\uddea\ud83c\uddec Egypt<\/div><div class=\"en\">Republic Decoration 1952<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Some versions of the \u201cRepublic\u201d inscription on royal stamps showed a shifted or double inscription.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">\ud83c\uddee\ud83c\uddf3 India<\/div><div class=\"en\">India Official Overprint<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Inverted \u201cService\u201d issues are among the most requested erroneous overlays on Commonwealth stamps.<\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\" data-k=\"mech\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--orange)\">\u0666<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Paper Fold Error \/ Pre-Print Fold<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-err\">mechanical<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>The paper is folded before or during printing, then when unfolded it reveals: a white space (the part that was folded) and a repeated part printed from the back of the fold.<\/p>\n <ul class=\"cl\">\n <li>Pre-Print Fold: The white space holds part of the inverted design.<\/li>\n <li>Post-print fold: No special collection value<\/li>\n <li class=\"w\">Distinguishing between the two types requires examination with a light microscope and sometimes ultraviolet light.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\" data-k=\"mech\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--orange)\">\u0667<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Albino Print \u2014 Inkless Print<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-err\">rare<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>As the ink gradually runs out in the printing cylinder, the design imprint is left on the paper without visible ink \u2014 only raised or indented patterns that can be felt with a finger.<\/p>\n <div class=\"ib gold\"><strong>\ud83d\udca1 How do you see it?<\/strong>Hold the stamp at an angle in front of a strong light source. The physical imprint of the design will be visible without ink. It is considered "albino" only if it is a full print, not a partial one.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"p2\" class=\"spt-panel\">\n <div class=\"sp-sec-title\" style=\"color:var(--blue)\"><span>\u2702\ufe0f<\/span> Perforation Errors<\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--blue)\">\u0661<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Imperforate \u2014 Imperf stamps<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-rare\">Very rare<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>The stamps left the printing house without going through the perforation stage at all. This could be due to a machine malfunction or the stamps omitting this step in a particular batch.<\/p>\n <div class=\"ib red\"><strong>\u26a0\ufe0f The Golden Rule<\/strong>A non-perforated stamp is only acceptable in an "imperforate pair" (horizontal or vertical). A single stamp with cut edges does not prove to be a printing error\u2014it may have been cut from a private collection.<\/div>\n <ul class=\"cl\">\n <li>Imperforate Between: Perforation is absent only between two adjacent prints, while it is present on the outer edges.<\/li>\n <li>Imperforate Vertically: Perforation is absent vertically only (horizontally present).<\/li>\n <li>Imperforate Horizontally: Perforation is absent horizontally only (vertically present).<\/li>\n <li class=\"w\">\u201cScissor cut\u201d copies look like Imperf but are worthless \u2014 check the straightness and smoothness of the edges.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"db\"><span class=\"dl\">Acquired value<\/span><div class=\"dbt\"><div class=\"dbf\" style=\"width:90%;background:var(--gold-l)\"><\/div><\/div><span style=\"color:var(--text3)\">Very high<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--blue)\">\u0662<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Misperforated or Misperforation perforation<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-blue\">Position error<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>Moving the paper during the perforation process produces holes in the wrong position \u2014 they may cut through the design or fall in the middle of the stamp.<\/p>\n <div class=\"eg\">\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">type<\/div><div class=\"en\">simple displacement<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Perforation offset 1-3 mm \u2014 Average acquisition value<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">type<\/div><div class=\"en\">massive displacement<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Perforation in the middle of the design \u2014 high collectible value<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">type<\/div><div class=\"en\">Double Perf<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Double perforation \u2014 The paper passed through the perforation machine twice<\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--blue)\">\u0663<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Compound perforation and perforation gauge<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-blue\">technical<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>Perforation gauge = the number of perforations per 2 cm. Compound perforation means a difference in gauge between the horizontal and vertical edges of the same pattern.<\/p>\n <div class=\"ib blue\"><strong>\ud83d\udcd0 Measuring tool<\/strong>A perforation gauge is an essential tool in every stamping laboratory. It determines perforation values of 11, 11.5, 12, 13, 14, etc. A single version may be available in different perforation sizes, the value of which is specified in the catalog.<\/div>\n <table class=\"dt\">\n <thead><tr><th>perforation gauge<\/th><th>Description<\/th><th>Most common in<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Perf 11<\/td><td>Relatively rough perforation<\/td><td>Older American versions<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Perf 14<\/td><td>Smooth and close perforation<\/td><td>British and Commonwealth editions<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Perf 13.5<\/td><td>Common International Standard<\/td><td>Uno and many other Arab countries' versions<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--blue)\">\u0664<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Roulette vs. Perforation<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-blue\">Technical information<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>Roulette is a notching technique that doesn't remove all the paper (no full perforations). It was used in Finnish and Dutch editions and in some early editions. This distinction is important for determining the correct value in catalogs.<\/p>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"p3\" class=\"spt-panel\">\n <div class=\"sp-sec-title\" style=\"color:var(--teal)\"><span>\ud83d\udca7<\/span> Paper errors and watermarks<\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--teal)\">\u0661<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Watermark Varieties & Errors<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-teal\">essential<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>A watermark is a design embedded in the paper itself during manufacturing. Its incorrect placement can produce very valuable variations.<\/p>\n <ul class=\"cl\">\n <li><strong>Inverted Watermark:<\/strong> The paper was fed into the machine upside down \u2014 one of the most valuable stamp variations.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Sideways Watermark:<\/strong> The paper was inserted vertically instead of horizontally, or vice versa.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Reversed Watermark:<\/strong> It was inserted from the back side of the paper.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Absent (No Watermark):<\/strong> The stamp was printed on paper without a watermark \u2014 very rare<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"ib gold\"><strong>\ud83d\udca1 How to check the watermark<\/strong>1) Watermark Fluid\/Oden \u2014 Place the stamp on a piece of black glass and moisten it with the fluid. 2) Signoscope \u2014 Best for avoiding damage to the adhesive. 3) Bright LED light behind the stamp.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--teal)\">\u0662<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Paper Varieties \u2014 Chalky, Ordinary, Granite\u2026<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-teal\">diversification<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>The same design may be printed on different types of paper at different times, and each type has a separate value in the catalog:<\/p>\n <div class=\"eg\">\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">type<\/div><div class=\"en\">Chalky Paper<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Chalk paper \u2014 gives ink extra clarity but weakens the paper. Common in the early Commonwealth.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">type<\/div><div class=\"en\">Granite Paper<\/div><div class=\"ed\">\u201cGranite\u201d paper \u2014 contains fine colored fibers as a security measure, distinctive in Swiss and Austrian editions.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">type<\/div><div class=\"en\">Fluorescent Paper<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Fluorescent paper that glows under UV light \u2014 used in automated mail sorting.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">type<\/div><div class=\"en\">Ribbed Paper<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Wavy-textured paper \u2014 discerning it requires careful touch or a microscope.<\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--teal)\">\u0663<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Gum Varieties & Errors<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-teal\">My rating<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <ul class=\"cl\">\n <li><strong>OG (Original Gum):<\/strong> Genuine, undamaged gum \u2014 the highest value<\/li>\n <li><strong>NH (Never Hinged):<\/strong> It never had a hangtag attached \u2014 highly sought after in modern stamps<\/li>\n <li><strong>Regummed:<\/strong> The old glue was removed and new glue added \u2014 a forgery that drastically reduces the value.<\/li>\n <li><strong>No Gum:<\/strong> Without glue at all \u2014 some older editions were printed this way<\/li>\n <li class=\"w\">Regummed is detected by UV and by comparing the gloss of the gum and its distribution pattern.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--teal)\">\u0664<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Phosphorus and Fluorescent Errors<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-teal\">accident<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>Since 1960, post offices have used phosphorescent lines or fluorescent coatings for automated sorting. Phosphorescent errors are among the most requested modern variations.<\/p>\n <ul class=\"cl\">\n <li><strong>Missing Phosphor:<\/strong> Error in applying phosphorescent lines<\/li>\n <li><strong>Double phosphorus:<\/strong> Two lines instead of one, or a duplicate application<\/li>\n <li><strong>Displaced phosphorus:<\/strong> The phosphorescent line is out of position.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"ib purple\"><strong>\ud83d\udd26 Detection tool<\/strong>UV lamp (366 nm) \u2014 The phosphor glows yellow\/green. Its absence is only visible under UV light. Essential for identifying the correct type in the Stanley Gibbons and SGSB catalogs.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"p4\" class=\"spt-panel\">\n <div class=\"sp-sec-title\" style=\"color:var(--red)\"><span>\ud83d\udd0d<\/span> Methods of forgery and detection<\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--red)\">\u0661<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Total Forgery \u2014 From Scratch<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-forg\">dangerous<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>Producing a completely counterfeit stamp (paper, ink, design, perforation). Famous historical counterfeiters:<\/p>\n <div class=\"eg\">\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">historical forger<\/div><div class=\"en\">Fran\u00e7ois Fournier (France)<\/div><div class=\"ed\">He produced more than 400 types of counterfeit stamps at the beginning of the 20th century. \u201cFournier\u2019s Album\u201d became a reference for detecting his forgeries.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">historical forger<\/div><div class=\"en\">Jean de Sperati (Italy)<\/div><div class=\"ed\">The most skilled forger of all time. His fakes fooled experts for decades. BPA bought his entire collection for analysis.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">Modern forgery<\/div><div class=\"en\">Digital printing<\/div><div class=\"ed\">High-resolution digital printing forgeries are now widespread. They can be detected by comparing the screen dots under 40x.<\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ib red\"><strong>\ud83d\udd2c Comprehensive anti-counterfeiting check<\/strong>1) Measure the perforation with a precision gauge. 2) Examine the paper with UV light (modern papers are more luminous). 3) Compare the printing pattern (engraving, lithography, relief printing) under a 40x magnifier. 4) Measure the exact dimensions against the catalog.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--red)\">\u0662<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Postal forgery versus collector fraud<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-forg\">Important classification<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>A significant difference in the acquired value:<\/p>\n <div class=\"cmp\">\n <div class=\"cmp-col orig\"><h5>\ud83d\udcee Postal forgery<\/h5><ul><li>It was designed for actual use on messages.<\/li><li>Found used on real envelopes<\/li><li>It has a high acquisition value, sometimes even higher than the original.<\/li><li>Documented in major catalogs<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n <div class=\"cmp-col fake\"><h5>\ud83c\udfad Philatolic Forgery (forged to deceive collectors)<\/h5><ul><li>It was made to be sold as a rare stamp.<\/li><li>It has no educational value<\/li><li>Destruction is required upon discovery<\/li><li>Trading in it is a crime in most countries<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--red)\">\u0663<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Regumming and perforation<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-forg\">distortion<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <ul class=\"cl\">\n <li class=\"x\"><strong>Regumming:<\/strong> Remove the used glue and add fresh glue to make the stamp look \u201cunused\u201d \u2014 the most common method.<\/li>\n <li class=\"x\"><strong>Added Perfs:<\/strong> Adding manual perforation to a cheap \u201cImperf\u201d stamp to sell it as an expensive perforated stamp<\/li>\n <li class=\"x\"><strong>Cleaned:<\/strong> Chemically remove the cancellation seal to make the stamp appear unused.<\/li>\n <li class=\"x\"><strong>Reperfed:<\/strong> Re-perforating the stamp to improve perforation specifications<\/li>\n <li>Detection: UV for Regumming \u2014 Microscope for Added Perfs \u2014 UV and Chemistry for Cleaned<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--red)\">\u0664<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Forged overprints \u2014 the most profitable for counterfeiters<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-rare\">High risk<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>Printing a rare overlay on a cheap original stamp increases its value thousands of times. This exploits the fact that a truly rare overlay is on a genuine original stamp.<\/p>\n <div class=\"ib red\"><strong>\ud83d\udd2c How to detect it<\/strong>1) Compare letter size and spacing to a certified copy of the original overprinting (reference: Serrane or Zumstein). 2) Ink color under UV\u2014modern ink glows differently. 3) Overprinting depth in paper fibers\u2014original overprinting penetrates the fibers. 4) BPA or RPSL certification is mandatory for any rare overprinting valued at over \u00a3100.<\/div>\n <div class=\"eg\">\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">\ud83c\uddf8\ud83c\udde6 Arabic<\/div><div class=\"en\">Hijaz decorations<\/div><div class=\"ed\">The inscriptions of \u201cKingdom of Saudi Arabia\u201d on the stamps of the Hejaz are among the most forged Arabic inscriptions.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">\ud83c\uddef\ud83c\uddf4 Arabic<\/div><div class=\"en\">East Jordan<\/div><div class=\"ed\">The markings on the 1948-1949 Palestine editions are widely forged. An RPSL or Bale expert certificate is required.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">\ud83c\udf0d International<\/div><div class=\"en\">China Surcharges<\/div><div class=\"ed\">The decorations of the Republic of China from 1944-1949 \u2014 the most forged and most expensive international decorations.<\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--red)\">\u0665<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Chemical color change (Color Changeling \/ Chemical Change)<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-forg\">color distortion<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>Exposing the stamp to chemicals (acids, bleaches, solvents) to change its color to resemble a rare and expensive color variation.<\/p>\n <div class=\"ib green\"><strong>\u2705 Detection<\/strong>Spectroscopy and UV imaging reveal the chemical color change. The original ink and the altered ink behave differently under different light sources.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"p5\" class=\"spt-panel\">\n <div class=\"sp-sec-title\" style=\"color:var(--green)\"><span>\ud83e\uddea<\/span> Professional Stamp Lab Equipment<\/div>\n\n <div class=\"ps-wrap\">\n <div class=\"ps\"><div class=\"ps-n\">\u0661<\/div><div class=\"ps-c\"><h4>Ultraviolet (UV) lamp (254nm & 366nm)<\/h4><p>An essential tool in every laboratory. 366nm detects phosphorus and added glue. 254nm detects chemical bleaching and paper types. Investment is mandatory. Cost: $30-$150.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ps\"><div class=\"ps-n\">\u0662<\/div><div class=\"ps-c\"><h4>Perforation Gauge<\/h4><p>The perforation measurement is precisely determined. The British "Instanta" type is among the most accurate. It is essential for distinguishing perforation variations in the catalog. Cost: $10-$40.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ps\"><div class=\"ps-n\">\u0663<\/div><div class=\"ps-c\"><h4>Watermark Fluid \/ Oden<\/h4><p>It temporarily makes the paper transparent to reveal the watermark without damaging the stamp. Oden or Donn fluid are safer. Cost: $10-$20.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ps\"><div class=\"ps-n\">\u0664<\/div><div class=\"ps-c\"><h4>Signoscope<\/h4><p>Reveals watermarks with light without any liquid\u2014best for protecting rare stamps. Won't damage glue or paper. Cost: $80\u2013$200.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ps\"><div class=\"ps-n\">\u0665<\/div><div class=\"ps-c\"><h4>Double-sided optical microscope (Loupe 10\u00d7 and 40\u00d7)<\/h4><p>10x for general inspection and perforation. 40x for inspection of printing method (engraving, lithography, embossing), grid points, and fine details for counterfeiting. Cost: $30-$200.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ps\"><div class=\"ps-n\">\u0666<\/div><div class=\"ps-c\"><h4>Micrometer for measuring paper thickness<\/h4><p>Paper varieties are sometimes distinguished by their thickness. A micrometer measures to an accuracy of 0.01 mm. This is useful for distinguishing between "thick paper" and "thin paper" in specific editions.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ps\"><div class=\"ps-n\">\u0667<\/div><div class=\"ps-c\"><h4>Basic reference catalogs<\/h4><p>Stanley Gibbons (SG) for the Commonwealth. Scott for American and international stamps. Michel for German and European stamps. Yvert & Tellier for French stamps. Bale or Khalil for stamps of the Middle East and Arab countries.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"ib gold\"><strong>\ud83c\udfdb\ufe0f Accredited international certification bodies<\/strong>BPA (British Philatelic Association) \u2014 RPSL (Royal Philatelic Society London) \u2014 PF (Philatelic Foundation USA) \u2014 APS (American Philatelic Society) \u2014 Infla-Berlin for German inflation stamps. Their certificates increase the value of the stamp and protect it from disputes.<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"p6\" class=\"spt-panel\">\n <div class=\"sp-sec-title\" style=\"color:var(--purple)\"><span>\ud83c\udf19<\/span> Stamps of Arab countries \u2014 the most prominent errors and documented forgeries<\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--purple)\">\u0661<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">\ud83c\uddf8\ud83c\udde6 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia \u2014 Hejaz, Najd and beyond<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-rare\">active field<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <div class=\"eg\">\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">Print error<\/div><div class=\"en\">Inverted Najd stamps<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Some early Saudi crescent and star stamp issues were recorded with inverted overlays. Documented in Bale and SG Arabia.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">falsification<\/div><div class=\"en\">The decoration of the Hijaz on Najd<\/div><div class=\"ed\">The inscription \u201cKingdom of Saudi Arabia\u201d on stamps of the Hejaz and Najd is among the most frequently forged Arabic inscriptions. See Bale Specialized Catalogue.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">mistake<\/div><div class=\"en\">Displacement perforation<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Significant cases of perforation displacement have been documented in the 1960-1975 editions that intersect with the design or move it away from the center.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">rare<\/div><div class=\"en\">A missing color \u2014 Faisal Palace<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Some long, nerve-wracking palace editions have exhibited a complete absence of color in certain prints. This is documented in specialist auctions.<\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ib gold\"><strong>\ud83d\udcda Reference<\/strong>Bale's Arabia Philatelic Catalogue is the primary reference for the stamps of the Arabian Peninsula.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--purple)\">\u0662<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">\ud83c\uddea\ud83c\uddec Egypt \u2014 Royal and Republican Editions<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-rare\">Rich collections<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <div class=\"eg\">\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">Print error<\/div><div class=\"en\">Double Decoration of the Republic 1953<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Some instances of the \u201cRepublic\u201d being superimposed on King Farouk\u2019s stamps were documented as a double superimposition or a joke.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">rare<\/div><div class=\"en\">Stamps without perforation<\/div><div class=\"ed\">A number of Egyptian editions in the 1940s produced rare \u201cImperforate\u201d copies documented in SG Egypt.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">mistake<\/div><div class=\"en\">Displacement of the color of the pyramids<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Some editions of the commemorative pyramids showed obvious color shifts in the multi-color printing.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">falsification<\/div><div class=\"en\">Early Khedival stamps<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Ottoman Egyptian stamps (1866-1879) are among the most frequently counterfeited Egyptian issues. Fournier produced copies of them.<\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--purple)\">\u0663<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">\ud83c\uddef\ud83c\uddf4 Jordan and Palestine \u2014 1948-1967 Issues<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-rare\">sensitive area<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <div class=\"eg\">\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">falsification<\/div><div class=\"en\">Decoration of Palestine 1948<\/div><div class=\"ed\">The inscription \u201cPalestine\u201d in Arabic and English on British Mandate stamps is among the most frequently forged Arabic inscriptions. An RPSL certificate or Bale expert certification is required.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">mistake<\/div><div class=\"en\">Jordan Stamps Imperf<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Some Jordanian editions in the fifties and sixties produced unperforated copies documented in SG Jordan.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">falsification<\/div><div class=\"en\">East Jordan's decoration on Hejaz stamps<\/div><div class=\"ed\">The inscription \u201cEast Jordan\u201d on Hejaz stamps 1922-1923 \u2014 rare and frequently forged originals. See expert Khalil.<\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--purple)\">\u0664<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">\ud83c\uddf1\ud83c\udde7\ud83c\uddf8\ud83c\uddfe Lebanon and Syria \u2014 The Mandate and Independence Era<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-blue\">Precious collections<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <div class=\"eg\">\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">mistake<\/div><div class=\"en\">Printing Shifts \u2014 Lebanon 1946<\/div><div class=\"ed\">The Lebanese Independence editions of 1946 showed clear color shifts in the Parisian printing \u2014 one of the most beautiful Lebanese mistakes.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">falsification<\/div><div class=\"en\">Decoration of the Syrian Government<\/div><div class=\"ed\">The Syrian government's decorations on stamps of France and the mandated territories are among the most forged Levantine issues.<\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--purple)\">\u0665<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">\ud83c\uddee\ud83c\uddf6 Iraq \u2014 Early Royal and Republican Editions<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-blue\">Specialized field<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <div class=\"eg\">\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">rare<\/div><div class=\"en\">King Faisal I stamps<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Unperforated copies of early Royal Editions 1923-1927 documented in rare specialties.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">mistake<\/div><div class=\"en\">Double decoration of \u201cIraq\u201d<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Cases of double decoration in British Mandate issues of Iraq \u2014 documented in SG Iraq.<\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"spt-footer\">\n An educational resource for amateurs and professionals \u2014 Information based on: Stanley Gibbons, Scott, Bale, RPSL, BPA, APS<br>\n For official documentation, it is recommended to consult a certified expert or international documentation centers. \u00a9 Arab Collector\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<script>\nfunction sptTab(e,id){\n document.querySelectorAll('.spt-panel').forEach(p=>p.classList.remove('active'));\n document.querySelectorAll('.spt-tab').forEach(t=>t.classList.remove('active'));\n document.getElementById(id).classList.add('active');\n e.currentTarget.classList.add('active');\n document.getElementById('noRes').style.display='none';\n document.querySelectorAll('.sp-card').forEach(c=>c.style.display='');\n}\nfunction spToggle(hd){hd.closest('.sp-card').classList.toggle('open')}\nfunction spFilter(chip,cat,panelId){\n document.querySelectorAll('.fc .chip').forEach(c=>c.classList.remove('active'));\n chip.classList.add('active');\n document.getElementById(panelId).querySelectorAll('.sp-card').forEach(c=>{\n c.style.display=(cat==='all'||c.dataset.k===cat)?'':'none';\n });\n}\nfunction sptSearch(){\n const q=document.getElementById('sptSrch').value.trim().toLowerCase();\n if(!q){\n document.querySelectorAll('.sp-card').forEach(c=>c.style.display='');\n document.getElementById('noRes').style.display='none';\n return;\n }\n let found=0;\n document.querySelectorAll('.spt-panel').forEach(p=>p.classList.remove('active'));\n document.querySelectorAll('.sp-card').forEach(c=>{\n const m=c.textContent.toLowerCase().includes(q);\n c.style.display=m?'':'none';\n if(m){found++;c.closest('.spt-panel').classList.add('active');}\n });\n document.getElementById('noRes').style.display=found?'none':'block';\n}\n<\/script>\n<\/body>\n<\/html>\n<section id=\"citations\" style=\"background:#f0f0f0; padding:20px; border-top:5px solid var(--blue); margin-top:50px; font-size:12px; color:#555;\">\n <h4 style=\"color:var(--blue); margin-top:0;\">\ud83d\udcda References and Academic Citations<\/h4>\n <p>This encyclopedia has been audited and compiled according to the technical standards of the following organizations:<\/p>\n <ul style=\"columns: 2;\">\n <li>Stanley Gibbons Catalog \u2013 London.<\/li>\n <li>American Philatelic Society (APS) \u2013 Sorting Standards.<\/li>\n <li>Scott Catalogue \u2013 Error Coding.<\/li>\n <li>Royal Philatelic Society London (RPSL) Laboratories.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u2709\ufe0f \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u2014 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 APS \u00b7 BPA \u00b7 RPSL \u00b7 Philatelic Foundation \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \ud83d\udda8\ufe0f \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u2702\ufe0f \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0645 \ud83d\udca7 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \ud83d\udd0d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0641 \ud83e\uddea \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \ud83c\udf19 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \ud83d\udd0e\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f …<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":284874,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"wpupg_custom_link":[],"wpupg_custom_link_behaviour":[],"wpupg_custom_link_nofollow":[],"wpupg_custom_image":[],"wpupg_custom_image_id":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-284915","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/284915","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=284915"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/284915\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/284874"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=284915"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}

{"id":284915,"date":"2026-03-31T21:23:13","date_gmt":"2026-03-31T10:23:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/?page_id=284915"},"modified":"2026-04-01T20:52:48","modified_gmt":"2026-04-01T09:52:48","slug":"encyclopedia-postal-stamp-errors-detection","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/knowledge-portal\/encyclopedia-postal-stamp-errors-detection\/","title":{"rendered":"Encyclopedia of Stamp Errors and Documentation of Forgery: The Comprehensive Technical Guide"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\n\nEncyclopedia of Stamp Errors and Counterfeiting<\/title>\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\n<link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Amiri:wght@400;700&family=Cairo:wght@300;400;600;700;900&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n<style>\n:root{\n --red:#9B1B1B;--red-l:#C0392B;--blue:#0D3B6E;--blue-l:#1A5494;\n --gold:#A0780A;--gold-l:#C49A1A;--gold-pale:#FBF5E0;\n 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var(--green-l);color:#174020}\n.ib.purple{background:#F9F0FF;border-right:4px solid var(--purple-l);color:#3A0070}\n\n\/* GRIDS *\/\n.eg{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(180px,1fr));gap:10px;margin:12px 0}\n.ei{background:#FAFAF7;border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:7px;padding:12px;font-size:12px}\n.ei .ec{font-size:10px;color:var(--text3);font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.8px;margin-bottom:3px}\n.ei .en{font-weight:700;color:var(--ink);margin-bottom:5px;font-size:13px}\n.ei .ed{color:var(--text2);font-size:12px;line-height:1.6}\n\n\/* COMPARE *\/\n.cmp{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:12px;margin:12px 0}\n.cmp-col{border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:7px;padding:12px}\n.cmp-col h5{font-size:11px;font-weight:900;margin-bottom:8px;padding-bottom:5px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border)}\n.cmp-col.orig h5{color:var(--green)}\n.cmp-col.fake h5{color:var(--red-l)}\n.cmp-col ul{list-style:none;font-size:12px;color:var(--text2)}\n.cmp-col ul li{padding:3px 0}\n.cmp-col ul li::before{content:'\u2022 ';font-weight:900}\n\n\/* CHECKLIST *\/\n.cl{list-style:none;margin:10px 0}\n.cl li{padding:7px 10px;border-bottom:1px solid #F0EDE8;font-size:13px;display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:8px}\n.cl li:last-child{border-bottom:none}\n.cl li::before{content:'\u2713';color:var(--green-l);font-weight:900;flex-shrink:0;margin-top:1px}\n.cl li.x::before{content:'\u2717';color:var(--red-l)}\n.cl li.w::before{content:'\u26a0';color:var(--orange)}\n\n\/* DIFF BARS *\/\n.db{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;margin:6px 0;font-size:12px}\n.db .dl{color:var(--text3);min-width:90px}\n.dbt{flex:1;height:5px;background:#EEE;border-radius:3px;overflow:hidden}\n.dbf{height:100%;border-radius:3px;transition:width .5s ease}\n\n\/* PROTO STEPS *\/\n.ps-wrap{}\n.ps{display:flex;gap:12px;margin-bottom:14px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:9px;padding:14px}\n.ps-n{width:32px;height:32px;border-radius:50%;flex-shrink:0;background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--blue),var(--blue-l));color:#fff;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-weight:900;font-size:13px}\n.ps-c h4{font-size:13px;margin-bottom:5px;color:var(--ink)}\n.ps-c p{font-size:12px;color:var(--text2);line-height:1.7}\n\n\/* TABLE *\/\n.dt{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:12px;margin:12px 0}\n.dt th{background:#F2EDE4;padding:9px 12px;text-align:right;font-weight:700;color:var(--gold);border-bottom:2px solid var(--border2)}\n.dt td{padding:9px 12px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border);vertical-align:top}\n.dt tr:last-child td{border-bottom:none}\n.dt tr:hover td{background:var(--gold-pale)}\n\n\/* FILTER CHIPS *\/\n.fc{display:flex;gap:6px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-bottom:18px}\n.fc .chip{padding:5px 12px;border-radius:18px;font-size:11px;font-weight:700;cursor:pointer;border:1px solid var(--border);background:#fff;color:var(--text2);transition:all .2s}\n.fc .chip:hover,.fc .chip.active{background:var(--blue-l);color:#fff;border-color:var(--blue-l)}\n\n.no-res{text-align:center;padding:40px;color:var(--text3);display:none}\n.spt-footer{padding:16px 22px;background:#F2EDE4;border-top:1px solid var(--border);font-size:11px;color:var(--text3);text-align:center;line-height:1.8}\n\n@media(max-width:600px){\n .spt-panel{padding:16px 12px}\n .cmp{grid-template-columns:1fr}\n .eg{grid-template-columns:1fr}\n .sp-title{font-size:12px}\n}\n<\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n<div id=\"spt\">\n\n\n<div class=\"spt-hd\">\n <span class=\"spt-hd-icon\">\u2709\ufe0f<\/span>\n <h1>Encyclopedia of Postage Stamp Errors and Counterfeiting<\/h1>\n <p>A comprehensive technical reference for amateurs and professionals \u2014 compliant with APS, BPA, RPSL, and Philatelic Foundation standards<\/p>\n <div class=\"spt-badges\">\n <span class=\"spt-badge\">Printing errors<\/span>\n <span class=\"spt-badge\">Perforation errors<\/span>\n <span class=\"spt-badge\">Watermarks<\/span>\n <span class=\"spt-badge\">Detecting forgery<\/span>\n <span class=\"spt-badge\">Arabic stamps<\/span>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"spt-search\">\n <input type=\"text\" id=\"sptSrch\" placeholder=\"Search: Inverted, Perforation, Watermark, Falsification, Phosphor, Gene, Inverted...\" oninput=\"sptSearch()\">\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"spt-tabs\">\n <button class=\"spt-tab active\" onclick=\"sptTab(event,'p1')\"><span>\ud83d\udda8\ufe0f<\/span> Printing errors<\/button>\n <button class=\"spt-tab\" onclick=\"sptTab(event,'p2')\"><span>\u2702\ufe0f<\/span> Perforation errors<\/button>\n <button class=\"spt-tab\" onclick=\"sptTab(event,'p3')\"><span>\ud83d\udca7<\/span> Paper and marks<\/button>\n <button class=\"spt-tab\" onclick=\"sptTab(event,'p4')\"><span>\ud83d\udd0d<\/span> forgery<\/button>\n <button class=\"spt-tab\" onclick=\"sptTab(event,'p5')\"><span>\ud83e\uddea<\/span> Detection tools<\/button>\n <button class=\"spt-tab\" onclick=\"sptTab(event,'p6')\"><span>\ud83c\udf19<\/span> Arabic stamps<\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"no-res\" id=\"noRes\"><span style=\"font-size:36px;display:block;margin-bottom:10px\">\ud83d\udd0e<\/span>No matching results found<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"p1\" class=\"spt-panel active\">\n <div class=\"sp-sec-title\" style=\"color:var(--red)\"><span>\ud83d\udda8\ufe0f<\/span> Printing and design errors<\/div>\n\n <div class=\"fc\">\n <span class=\"chip active\" onclick=\"spFilter(this,'all','p1')\">All<\/span>\n <span class=\"chip\" onclick=\"spFilter(this,'inv','p1')\">upside down<\/span>\n <span class=\"chip\" onclick=\"spFilter(this,'col','p1')\">Loni<\/span>\n <span class=\"chip\" onclick=\"spFilter(this,'over','p1')\">Decoration<\/span>\n <span class=\"chip\" onclick=\"spFilter(this,'mech','p1')\">mechanical<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\" data-k=\"inv\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--red)\">\u0661<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Inverted Center \/ Inverted Frame<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-rare\">Very rare<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>In stamps printed in two separate processes (two-color or multi-layered), if the paper is inserted upside down in the second pass, the resulting internal design (center or frame) is inverted 180\u00b0 relative to the other design.<\/p>\n <div class=\"ib red\"><strong>\ud83c\udfc6 Famous global examples<\/strong>The 1918 U.S. "Upside-Down Genie" stamp (24 cents) sold for over $1 million. The 1855 Swedish "Upside-Down Head" stamp. The 1901 Papua New Guinea "Upside-Down" stamp.<\/div>\n <div class=\"eg\">\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf8 America<\/div><div class=\"en\">Inverted Jenny 1918<\/div><div class=\"ed\">The most famous stamp error in history: Jenny's plane upside down. It fetched $1.35 million at auction in 2016.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">\ud83c\uddf8\ud83c\uddea Sweden<\/div><div class=\"en\">Treskilling Yellow 1855<\/div><div class=\"ed\">It was mistakenly printed in yellow instead of green. It is one of the most expensive stamps in the world.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">\ud83c\uddec\ud83c\udde7 Britain<\/div><div class=\"en\">Orange Half-Penny 1859<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Inverted color in the Bahamas version. Rare in Commonwealth collections.<\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"db\"><span class=\"dl\">Difficulty in detection<\/span><div class=\"dbt\"><div class=\"dbf\" style=\"width:15%;background:var(--green-l)\"><\/div><\/div><span style=\"color:var(--text3)\">Very easy<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"db\"><span class=\"dl\">Acquired value<\/span><div class=\"dbt\"><div class=\"dbf\" style=\"width:98%;background:var(--gold-l)\"><\/div><\/div><span style=\"color:var(--text3)\">exceptional<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\" data-k=\"col\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--purple-l)\">\u0662<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Color Shift \/ Misregistration<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-print\">Print error<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>Misalignment of two or more ink layers during printing results in a color appearing outside its designated boundaries. This ranges from a slight shift, only noticeable under a microscope, to a very large shift, visible to the naked eye.<\/p>\n <ul class=\"cl\">\n <li>Major offset: The color appears completely out of character or covers part of the other design.<\/li>\n <li>Slight displacement: only adds value if it exceeds 2 mm and is noticeable.<\/li>\n <li class=\"w\">Always check that the displacement did not occur as a result of subsequent damage or moisture to the stamp.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"ib blue\"><strong>\ud83d\udcd0 Displacement measurement<\/strong>It is measured in millimeters from its designated position. An offset of +5 mm is considered "large" and highly valued in most catalogs.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\" data-k=\"col\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--purple-l)\">\u0663<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Missing Color<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-rare\">rare<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>The absence of a complete color on the stamp is due to the failure to feed a specific ink during the printing process. The color of the front, background, or value text may disappear entirely.<\/p>\n <div class=\"ib red\"><strong>\u26a0\ufe0f Warning<\/strong>The true absence of color must be proven by a certified expert (BPA, PF, or RPSL). Some stamps appear \u201ccolorless\u201d due to chemical bleaching, which is a forgery and not a genuine defect.<\/div>\n <div class=\"eg\">\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">\ud83c\uddec\ud83c\udde7 Britain<\/div><div class=\"en\">Machine Missing Color<\/div><div class=\"ed\">The famous Machine series produced dozens of cases of missing color, especially in printing on Questa machines.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf8 America<\/div><div class=\"en\">Space Issues Missing Colors<\/div><div class=\"ed\">American space releases have seen instances of the complete absence of blue or red.<\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\" data-k=\"mech\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--orange)\">\u0664<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Double printing \/ Double Impression<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-err\">mechanical fault<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>Passing a stamp sheet through the same printing press or one of its stages twice produces a duplicate design with slight or complete deviation. This differs from double minting in the world of currency in that it involves a single color or a complete layer of ink.<\/p>\n <div class=\"cmp\">\n <div class=\"cmp-col orig\"><h5>\u2705 True double printing<\/h5><ul><li>Both prints are from the same ink.<\/li><li>The shift is consistent in character.<\/li><li>Clear under slanted light<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n <div class=\"cmp-col fake\"><h5>\u274c Double-sided printing forgery<\/h5><ul><li>Subsequent manual printing<\/li><li>The ink is chemically different<\/li><li>UV rays reveal the difference<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\" data-k=\"over\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--teal)\">\u0665<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Overprint Errors \u2014 Inverted, Doubled, and Missing<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-err\">Decoration<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>Overlaying is the printing of text, values, or designs over a completed original stamp. Its errors are among the most common and requested:<\/p>\n <ul class=\"cl\">\n <li><strong>Inverted Overprint:<\/strong> The text was printed upside down (180\u00b0)<\/li>\n <li><strong>Double Overprint:<\/strong> The text was printed twice with a slight shift.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Missing Overprint:<\/strong> The stamp was issued without the required overlay.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Shifted Overprint:<\/strong> The text is not in its designated place.<\/li>\n <li class=\"w\">The missing overlay is the most frequently counterfeited \u2014 the overlay is chemically removed to produce \u201crare\u201d stamps.\u201d<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"ib red\"><strong>\ud83d\udd2c Mandatory disclosure<\/strong>Any "absent overprint" stamp must undergo UV and spectroscopic examination before acceptance. APS or BPA certification is mandatory for sale at major auctions.<\/div>\n <div class=\"eg\">\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">\ud83c\uddf8\ud83c\udde6 Saudi Arabia<\/div><div class=\"en\">Inverted Najd decoration<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Instances of inverted inscriptions have been documented in some editions of the Hijazi government's inscriptions. This is rare in specialized collections.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">\ud83c\uddea\ud83c\uddec Egypt<\/div><div class=\"en\">Republic Decoration 1952<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Some versions of the \u201cRepublic\u201d inscription on royal stamps showed a shifted or double inscription.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">\ud83c\uddee\ud83c\uddf3 India<\/div><div class=\"en\">India Official Overprint<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Inverted \u201cService\u201d issues are among the most requested erroneous overlays on Commonwealth stamps.<\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\" data-k=\"mech\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--orange)\">\u0666<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Paper Fold Error \/ Pre-Print Fold<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-err\">mechanical<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>The paper is folded before or during printing, then when unfolded it reveals: a white space (the part that was folded) and a repeated part printed from the back of the fold.<\/p>\n <ul class=\"cl\">\n <li>Pre-Print Fold: The white space holds part of the inverted design.<\/li>\n <li>Post-print fold: No special collection value<\/li>\n <li class=\"w\">Distinguishing between the two types requires examination with a light microscope and sometimes ultraviolet light.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\" data-k=\"mech\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--orange)\">\u0667<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Albino Print \u2014 Inkless Print<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-err\">rare<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>As the ink gradually runs out in the printing cylinder, the design imprint is left on the paper without visible ink \u2014 only raised or indented patterns that can be felt with a finger.<\/p>\n <div class=\"ib gold\"><strong>\ud83d\udca1 How do you see it?<\/strong>Hold the stamp at an angle in front of a strong light source. The physical imprint of the design will be visible without ink. It is considered "albino" only if it is a full print, not a partial one.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"p2\" class=\"spt-panel\">\n <div class=\"sp-sec-title\" style=\"color:var(--blue)\"><span>\u2702\ufe0f<\/span> Perforation Errors<\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--blue)\">\u0661<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Imperforate \u2014 Imperf stamps<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-rare\">Very rare<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>The stamps left the printing house without going through the perforation stage at all. This could be due to a machine malfunction or the stamps omitting this step in a particular batch.<\/p>\n <div class=\"ib red\"><strong>\u26a0\ufe0f The Golden Rule<\/strong>A non-perforated stamp is only acceptable in an "imperforate pair" (horizontal or vertical). A single stamp with cut edges does not prove to be a printing error\u2014it may have been cut from a private collection.<\/div>\n <ul class=\"cl\">\n <li>Imperforate Between: Perforation is absent only between two adjacent prints, while it is present on the outer edges.<\/li>\n <li>Imperforate Vertically: Perforation is absent vertically only (horizontally present).<\/li>\n <li>Imperforate Horizontally: Perforation is absent horizontally only (vertically present).<\/li>\n <li class=\"w\">\u201cScissor cut\u201d copies look like Imperf but are worthless \u2014 check the straightness and smoothness of the edges.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"db\"><span class=\"dl\">Acquired value<\/span><div class=\"dbt\"><div class=\"dbf\" style=\"width:90%;background:var(--gold-l)\"><\/div><\/div><span style=\"color:var(--text3)\">Very high<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--blue)\">\u0662<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Misperforated or Misperforation perforation<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-blue\">Position error<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>Moving the paper during the perforation process produces holes in the wrong position \u2014 they may cut through the design or fall in the middle of the stamp.<\/p>\n <div class=\"eg\">\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">type<\/div><div class=\"en\">simple displacement<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Perforation offset 1-3 mm \u2014 Average acquisition value<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">type<\/div><div class=\"en\">massive displacement<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Perforation in the middle of the design \u2014 high collectible value<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">type<\/div><div class=\"en\">Double Perf<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Double perforation \u2014 The paper passed through the perforation machine twice<\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--blue)\">\u0663<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Compound perforation and perforation gauge<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-blue\">technical<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>Perforation gauge = the number of perforations per 2 cm. Compound perforation means a difference in gauge between the horizontal and vertical edges of the same pattern.<\/p>\n <div class=\"ib blue\"><strong>\ud83d\udcd0 Measuring tool<\/strong>A perforation gauge is an essential tool in every stamping laboratory. It determines perforation values of 11, 11.5, 12, 13, 14, etc. A single version may be available in different perforation sizes, the value of which is specified in the catalog.<\/div>\n <table class=\"dt\">\n <thead><tr><th>perforation gauge<\/th><th>Description<\/th><th>Most common in<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Perf 11<\/td><td>Relatively rough perforation<\/td><td>Older American versions<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Perf 14<\/td><td>Smooth and close perforation<\/td><td>British and Commonwealth editions<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Perf 13.5<\/td><td>Common International Standard<\/td><td>Uno and many other Arab countries' versions<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--blue)\">\u0664<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Roulette vs. Perforation<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-blue\">Technical information<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>Roulette is a notching technique that doesn't remove all the paper (no full perforations). It was used in Finnish and Dutch editions and in some early editions. This distinction is important for determining the correct value in catalogs.<\/p>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"p3\" class=\"spt-panel\">\n <div class=\"sp-sec-title\" style=\"color:var(--teal)\"><span>\ud83d\udca7<\/span> Paper errors and watermarks<\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--teal)\">\u0661<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Watermark Varieties & Errors<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-teal\">essential<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>A watermark is a design embedded in the paper itself during manufacturing. Its incorrect placement can produce very valuable variations.<\/p>\n <ul class=\"cl\">\n <li><strong>Inverted Watermark:<\/strong> The paper was fed into the machine upside down \u2014 one of the most valuable stamp variations.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Sideways Watermark:<\/strong> The paper was inserted vertically instead of horizontally, or vice versa.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Reversed Watermark:<\/strong> It was inserted from the back side of the paper.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Absent (No Watermark):<\/strong> The stamp was printed on paper without a watermark \u2014 very rare<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"ib gold\"><strong>\ud83d\udca1 How to check the watermark<\/strong>1) Watermark Fluid\/Oden \u2014 Place the stamp on a piece of black glass and moisten it with the fluid. 2) Signoscope \u2014 Best for avoiding damage to the adhesive. 3) Bright LED light behind the stamp.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--teal)\">\u0662<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Paper Varieties \u2014 Chalky, Ordinary, Granite\u2026<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-teal\">diversification<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>The same design may be printed on different types of paper at different times, and each type has a separate value in the catalog:<\/p>\n <div class=\"eg\">\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">type<\/div><div class=\"en\">Chalky Paper<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Chalk paper \u2014 gives ink extra clarity but weakens the paper. Common in the early Commonwealth.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">type<\/div><div class=\"en\">Granite Paper<\/div><div class=\"ed\">\u201cGranite\u201d paper \u2014 contains fine colored fibers as a security measure, distinctive in Swiss and Austrian editions.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">type<\/div><div class=\"en\">Fluorescent Paper<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Fluorescent paper that glows under UV light \u2014 used in automated mail sorting.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">type<\/div><div class=\"en\">Ribbed Paper<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Wavy-textured paper \u2014 discerning it requires careful touch or a microscope.<\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--teal)\">\u0663<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Gum Varieties & Errors<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-teal\">My rating<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <ul class=\"cl\">\n <li><strong>OG (Original Gum):<\/strong> Genuine, undamaged gum \u2014 the highest value<\/li>\n <li><strong>NH (Never Hinged):<\/strong> It never had a hangtag attached \u2014 highly sought after in modern stamps<\/li>\n <li><strong>Regummed:<\/strong> The old glue was removed and new glue added \u2014 a forgery that drastically reduces the value.<\/li>\n <li><strong>No Gum:<\/strong> Without glue at all \u2014 some older editions were printed this way<\/li>\n <li class=\"w\">Regummed is detected by UV and by comparing the gloss of the gum and its distribution pattern.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--teal)\">\u0664<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Phosphorus and Fluorescent Errors<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-teal\">accident<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>Since 1960, post offices have used phosphorescent lines or fluorescent coatings for automated sorting. Phosphorescent errors are among the most requested modern variations.<\/p>\n <ul class=\"cl\">\n <li><strong>Missing Phosphor:<\/strong> Error in applying phosphorescent lines<\/li>\n <li><strong>Double phosphorus:<\/strong> Two lines instead of one, or a duplicate application<\/li>\n <li><strong>Displaced phosphorus:<\/strong> The phosphorescent line is out of position.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"ib purple\"><strong>\ud83d\udd26 Detection tool<\/strong>UV lamp (366 nm) \u2014 The phosphor glows yellow\/green. Its absence is only visible under UV light. Essential for identifying the correct type in the Stanley Gibbons and SGSB catalogs.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"p4\" class=\"spt-panel\">\n <div class=\"sp-sec-title\" style=\"color:var(--red)\"><span>\ud83d\udd0d<\/span> Methods of forgery and detection<\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--red)\">\u0661<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Total Forgery \u2014 From Scratch<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-forg\">dangerous<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>Producing a completely counterfeit stamp (paper, ink, design, perforation). Famous historical counterfeiters:<\/p>\n <div class=\"eg\">\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">historical forger<\/div><div class=\"en\">Fran\u00e7ois Fournier (France)<\/div><div class=\"ed\">He produced more than 400 types of counterfeit stamps at the beginning of the 20th century. \u201cFournier\u2019s Album\u201d became a reference for detecting his forgeries.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">historical forger<\/div><div class=\"en\">Jean de Sperati (Italy)<\/div><div class=\"ed\">The most skilled forger of all time. His fakes fooled experts for decades. BPA bought his entire collection for analysis.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">Modern forgery<\/div><div class=\"en\">Digital printing<\/div><div class=\"ed\">High-resolution digital printing forgeries are now widespread. They can be detected by comparing the screen dots under 40x.<\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ib red\"><strong>\ud83d\udd2c Comprehensive anti-counterfeiting check<\/strong>1) Measure the perforation with a precision gauge. 2) Examine the paper with UV light (modern papers are more luminous). 3) Compare the printing pattern (engraving, lithography, relief printing) under a 40x magnifier. 4) Measure the exact dimensions against the catalog.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--red)\">\u0662<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Postal forgery versus collector fraud<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-forg\">Important classification<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>A significant difference in the acquired value:<\/p>\n <div class=\"cmp\">\n <div class=\"cmp-col orig\"><h5>\ud83d\udcee Postal forgery<\/h5><ul><li>It was designed for actual use on messages.<\/li><li>Found used on real envelopes<\/li><li>It has a high acquisition value, sometimes even higher than the original.<\/li><li>Documented in major catalogs<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n <div class=\"cmp-col fake\"><h5>\ud83c\udfad Philatolic Forgery (forged to deceive collectors)<\/h5><ul><li>It was made to be sold as a rare stamp.<\/li><li>It has no educational value<\/li><li>Destruction is required upon discovery<\/li><li>Trading in it is a crime in most countries<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--red)\">\u0663<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Regumming and perforation<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-forg\">distortion<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <ul class=\"cl\">\n <li class=\"x\"><strong>Regumming:<\/strong> Remove the used glue and add fresh glue to make the stamp look \u201cunused\u201d \u2014 the most common method.<\/li>\n <li class=\"x\"><strong>Added Perfs:<\/strong> Adding manual perforation to a cheap \u201cImperf\u201d stamp to sell it as an expensive perforated stamp<\/li>\n <li class=\"x\"><strong>Cleaned:<\/strong> Chemically remove the cancellation seal to make the stamp appear unused.<\/li>\n <li class=\"x\"><strong>Reperfed:<\/strong> Re-perforating the stamp to improve perforation specifications<\/li>\n <li>Detection: UV for Regumming \u2014 Microscope for Added Perfs \u2014 UV and Chemistry for Cleaned<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--red)\">\u0664<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Forged overprints \u2014 the most profitable for counterfeiters<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-rare\">High risk<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>Printing a rare overlay on a cheap original stamp increases its value thousands of times. This exploits the fact that a truly rare overlay is on a genuine original stamp.<\/p>\n <div class=\"ib red\"><strong>\ud83d\udd2c How to detect it<\/strong>1) Compare letter size and spacing to a certified copy of the original overprinting (reference: Serrane or Zumstein). 2) Ink color under UV\u2014modern ink glows differently. 3) Overprinting depth in paper fibers\u2014original overprinting penetrates the fibers. 4) BPA or RPSL certification is mandatory for any rare overprinting valued at over \u00a3100.<\/div>\n <div class=\"eg\">\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">\ud83c\uddf8\ud83c\udde6 Arabic<\/div><div class=\"en\">Hijaz decorations<\/div><div class=\"ed\">The inscriptions of \u201cKingdom of Saudi Arabia\u201d on the stamps of the Hejaz are among the most forged Arabic inscriptions.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">\ud83c\uddef\ud83c\uddf4 Arabic<\/div><div class=\"en\">East Jordan<\/div><div class=\"ed\">The markings on the 1948-1949 Palestine editions are widely forged. An RPSL or Bale expert certificate is required.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">\ud83c\udf0d International<\/div><div class=\"en\">China Surcharges<\/div><div class=\"ed\">The decorations of the Republic of China from 1944-1949 \u2014 the most forged and most expensive international decorations.<\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--red)\">\u0665<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">Chemical color change (Color Changeling \/ Chemical Change)<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-forg\">color distortion<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <p>Exposing the stamp to chemicals (acids, bleaches, solvents) to change its color to resemble a rare and expensive color variation.<\/p>\n <div class=\"ib green\"><strong>\u2705 Detection<\/strong>Spectroscopy and UV imaging reveal the chemical color change. The original ink and the altered ink behave differently under different light sources.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"p5\" class=\"spt-panel\">\n <div class=\"sp-sec-title\" style=\"color:var(--green)\"><span>\ud83e\uddea<\/span> Professional Stamp Lab Equipment<\/div>\n\n <div class=\"ps-wrap\">\n <div class=\"ps\"><div class=\"ps-n\">\u0661<\/div><div class=\"ps-c\"><h4>Ultraviolet (UV) lamp (254nm & 366nm)<\/h4><p>An essential tool in every laboratory. 366nm detects phosphorus and added glue. 254nm detects chemical bleaching and paper types. Investment is mandatory. Cost: $30-$150.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ps\"><div class=\"ps-n\">\u0662<\/div><div class=\"ps-c\"><h4>Perforation Gauge<\/h4><p>The perforation measurement is precisely determined. The British "Instanta" type is among the most accurate. It is essential for distinguishing perforation variations in the catalog. Cost: $10-$40.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ps\"><div class=\"ps-n\">\u0663<\/div><div class=\"ps-c\"><h4>Watermark Fluid \/ Oden<\/h4><p>It temporarily makes the paper transparent to reveal the watermark without damaging the stamp. Oden or Donn fluid are safer. Cost: $10-$20.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ps\"><div class=\"ps-n\">\u0664<\/div><div class=\"ps-c\"><h4>Signoscope<\/h4><p>Reveals watermarks with light without any liquid\u2014best for protecting rare stamps. Won't damage glue or paper. Cost: $80\u2013$200.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ps\"><div class=\"ps-n\">\u0665<\/div><div class=\"ps-c\"><h4>Double-sided optical microscope (Loupe 10\u00d7 and 40\u00d7)<\/h4><p>10x for general inspection and perforation. 40x for inspection of printing method (engraving, lithography, embossing), grid points, and fine details for counterfeiting. Cost: $30-$200.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ps\"><div class=\"ps-n\">\u0666<\/div><div class=\"ps-c\"><h4>Micrometer for measuring paper thickness<\/h4><p>Paper varieties are sometimes distinguished by their thickness. A micrometer measures to an accuracy of 0.01 mm. This is useful for distinguishing between "thick paper" and "thin paper" in specific editions.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ps\"><div class=\"ps-n\">\u0667<\/div><div class=\"ps-c\"><h4>Basic reference catalogs<\/h4><p>Stanley Gibbons (SG) for the Commonwealth. Scott for American and international stamps. Michel for German and European stamps. Yvert & Tellier for French stamps. Bale or Khalil for stamps of the Middle East and Arab countries.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"ib gold\"><strong>\ud83c\udfdb\ufe0f Accredited international certification bodies<\/strong>BPA (British Philatelic Association) \u2014 RPSL (Royal Philatelic Society London) \u2014 PF (Philatelic Foundation USA) \u2014 APS (American Philatelic Society) \u2014 Infla-Berlin for German inflation stamps. Their certificates increase the value of the stamp and protect it from disputes.<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"p6\" class=\"spt-panel\">\n <div class=\"sp-sec-title\" style=\"color:var(--purple)\"><span>\ud83c\udf19<\/span> Stamps of Arab countries \u2014 the most prominent errors and documented forgeries<\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--purple)\">\u0661<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">\ud83c\uddf8\ud83c\udde6 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia \u2014 Hejaz, Najd and beyond<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-rare\">active field<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <div class=\"eg\">\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">Print error<\/div><div class=\"en\">Inverted Najd stamps<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Some early Saudi crescent and star stamp issues were recorded with inverted overlays. Documented in Bale and SG Arabia.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">falsification<\/div><div class=\"en\">The decoration of the Hijaz on Najd<\/div><div class=\"ed\">The inscription \u201cKingdom of Saudi Arabia\u201d on stamps of the Hejaz and Najd is among the most frequently forged Arabic inscriptions. See Bale Specialized Catalogue.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">mistake<\/div><div class=\"en\">Displacement perforation<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Significant cases of perforation displacement have been documented in the 1960-1975 editions that intersect with the design or move it away from the center.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">rare<\/div><div class=\"en\">A missing color \u2014 Faisal Palace<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Some long, nerve-wracking palace editions have exhibited a complete absence of color in certain prints. This is documented in specialist auctions.<\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ib gold\"><strong>\ud83d\udcda Reference<\/strong>Bale's Arabia Philatelic Catalogue is the primary reference for the stamps of the Arabian Peninsula.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--purple)\">\u0662<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">\ud83c\uddea\ud83c\uddec Egypt \u2014 Royal and Republican Editions<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-rare\">Rich collections<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <div class=\"eg\">\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">Print error<\/div><div class=\"en\">Double Decoration of the Republic 1953<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Some instances of the \u201cRepublic\u201d being superimposed on King Farouk\u2019s stamps were documented as a double superimposition or a joke.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">rare<\/div><div class=\"en\">Stamps without perforation<\/div><div class=\"ed\">A number of Egyptian editions in the 1940s produced rare \u201cImperforate\u201d copies documented in SG Egypt.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">mistake<\/div><div class=\"en\">Displacement of the color of the pyramids<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Some editions of the commemorative pyramids showed obvious color shifts in the multi-color printing.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">falsification<\/div><div class=\"en\">Early Khedival stamps<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Ottoman Egyptian stamps (1866-1879) are among the most frequently counterfeited Egyptian issues. Fournier produced copies of them.<\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--purple)\">\u0663<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">\ud83c\uddef\ud83c\uddf4 Jordan and Palestine \u2014 1948-1967 Issues<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-rare\">sensitive area<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <div class=\"eg\">\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">falsification<\/div><div class=\"en\">Decoration of Palestine 1948<\/div><div class=\"ed\">The inscription \u201cPalestine\u201d in Arabic and English on British Mandate stamps is among the most frequently forged Arabic inscriptions. An RPSL certificate or Bale expert certification is required.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">mistake<\/div><div class=\"en\">Jordan Stamps Imperf<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Some Jordanian editions in the fifties and sixties produced unperforated copies documented in SG Jordan.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">falsification<\/div><div class=\"en\">East Jordan's decoration on Hejaz stamps<\/div><div class=\"ed\">The inscription \u201cEast Jordan\u201d on Hejaz stamps 1922-1923 \u2014 rare and frequently forged originals. See expert Khalil.<\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--purple)\">\u0664<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">\ud83c\uddf1\ud83c\udde7\ud83c\uddf8\ud83c\uddfe Lebanon and Syria \u2014 The Mandate and Independence Era<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-blue\">Precious collections<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <div class=\"eg\">\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">mistake<\/div><div class=\"en\">Printing Shifts \u2014 Lebanon 1946<\/div><div class=\"ed\">The Lebanese Independence editions of 1946 showed clear color shifts in the Parisian printing \u2014 one of the most beautiful Lebanese mistakes.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">falsification<\/div><div class=\"en\">Decoration of the Syrian Government<\/div><div class=\"ed\">The Syrian government's decorations on stamps of France and the mandated territories are among the most forged Levantine issues.<\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"sp-card\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd\" onclick=\"spToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-l\"><div class=\"sp-num\" style=\"background:var(--purple)\">\u0665<\/div><div class=\"sp-title\">\ud83c\uddee\ud83c\uddf6 Iraq \u2014 Early Royal and Republican Editions<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-card-hd-r\"><span class=\"tag t-blue\">Specialized field<\/span><span class=\"sp-arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"sp-body\"><div class=\"sp-inner\">\n <div class=\"eg\">\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">rare<\/div><div class=\"en\">King Faisal I stamps<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Unperforated copies of early Royal Editions 1923-1927 documented in rare specialties.<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"ei\"><div class=\"ec\">mistake<\/div><div class=\"en\">Double decoration of \u201cIraq\u201d<\/div><div class=\"ed\">Cases of double decoration in British Mandate issues of Iraq \u2014 documented in SG Iraq.<\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"spt-footer\">\n An educational resource for amateurs and professionals \u2014 Information based on: Stanley Gibbons, Scott, Bale, RPSL, BPA, APS<br>\n For official documentation, it is recommended to consult a certified expert or international documentation centers. \u00a9 Arab Collector\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<script>\nfunction sptTab(e,id){\n document.querySelectorAll('.spt-panel').forEach(p=>p.classList.remove('active'));\n document.querySelectorAll('.spt-tab').forEach(t=>t.classList.remove('active'));\n document.getElementById(id).classList.add('active');\n e.currentTarget.classList.add('active');\n document.getElementById('noRes').style.display='none';\n document.querySelectorAll('.sp-card').forEach(c=>c.style.display='');\n}\nfunction spToggle(hd){hd.closest('.sp-card').classList.toggle('open')}\nfunction spFilter(chip,cat,panelId){\n document.querySelectorAll('.fc .chip').forEach(c=>c.classList.remove('active'));\n chip.classList.add('active');\n document.getElementById(panelId).querySelectorAll('.sp-card').forEach(c=>{\n c.style.display=(cat==='all'||c.dataset.k===cat)?'':'none';\n });\n}\nfunction sptSearch(){\n const q=document.getElementById('sptSrch').value.trim().toLowerCase();\n if(!q){\n document.querySelectorAll('.sp-card').forEach(c=>c.style.display='');\n document.getElementById('noRes').style.display='none';\n return;\n }\n let found=0;\n document.querySelectorAll('.spt-panel').forEach(p=>p.classList.remove('active'));\n document.querySelectorAll('.sp-card').forEach(c=>{\n const m=c.textContent.toLowerCase().includes(q);\n c.style.display=m?'':'none';\n if(m){found++;c.closest('.spt-panel').classList.add('active');}\n });\n document.getElementById('noRes').style.display=found?'none':'block';\n}\n<\/script>\n<\/body>\n<\/html>\n<section id=\"citations\" style=\"background:#f0f0f0; padding:20px; border-top:5px solid var(--blue); margin-top:50px; font-size:12px; color:#555;\">\n <h4 style=\"color:var(--blue); margin-top:0;\">\ud83d\udcda References and Academic Citations<\/h4>\n <p>This encyclopedia has been audited and compiled according to the technical standards of the following organizations:<\/p>\n <ul style=\"columns: 2;\">\n <li>Stanley Gibbons Catalog \u2013 London.<\/li>\n <li>American Philatelic Society (APS) \u2013 Sorting Standards.<\/li>\n <li>Scott Catalogue \u2013 Error Coding.<\/li>\n <li>Royal Philatelic Society London (RPSL) Laboratories.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u2709\ufe0f \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u2014 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 APS \u00b7 BPA \u00b7 RPSL \u00b7 Philatelic Foundation \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \ud83d\udda8\ufe0f \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u2702\ufe0f \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0645 \ud83d\udca7 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \ud83d\udd0d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0641 \ud83e\uddea \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \ud83c\udf19 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \ud83d\udd0e\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f …<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":284874,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"wpupg_custom_link":[],"wpupg_custom_link_behaviour":[],"wpupg_custom_link_nofollow":[],"wpupg_custom_image":[],"wpupg_custom_image_id":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-284915","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/284915","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=284915"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/284915\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/284874"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=284915"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}