Encyclopedia of Minting Errors, Counterfeiting, and Currency Damage<\/title>\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\n<link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Amiri:wght@400;700&family=Cairo:wght@300;400;600;700;900&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n<style>\n:root {\n --ink: #0F0F0F;\n --surface: #FAFAF8;\n --card: #FFFFFF;\n --border: #E8E4DC;\n --border-dark: #C8C0B0;\n --gold: #B8860B;\n --gold-light: #D4A017;\n --gold-pale: #FDF6E3;\n --red: #8B1A1A;\n --red-light: #C0392B;\n --orange: #C45E00;\n --blue: #1A3A6B;\n --blue-light: #2756A8;\n --green: #1B5E20;\n --green-light: #2E7D32;\n --purple: #4A148C;\n --text: #1A1A1A;\n --text-secondary: #5C5040;\n --text-muted: #8C7C6C;\n --shadow: 0 2px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.08);\n --shadow-hover: 0 6px 24px rgba(0,0,0,0.14);\n}\n\n* { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }\n\nbody {\n font-family: 'Cairo', sans-serif;\n background: var(--surface);\n color: var(--text);\n direction: rtl;\n font-size: 15px;\n line-height: 1.7;\n}\n\n\/* WRAPPER \u2014 isolates from WordPress theme *\/\n#coin-tool-wrap {\n max-width: 1100px;\n margin: 0 auto;\n background: var(--card);\n border: 1px solid var(--border);\n border-radius: 16px;\n overflow: hidden;\n box-shadow: 0 8px 40px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);\n}\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 HEADER \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.ct-header {\n background: linear-gradient(160deg, #0F0F0F 0%, #1C1200 60%, #0F0F0F 100%);\n padding: 40px 30px 32px;\n text-align: center;\n border-bottom: 3px solid var(--gold);\n position: relative;\n overflow: hidden;\n}\n.ct-header::before {\n content: '';\n position: absolute; 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}\n.example-item .ex-note { color: var(--text-secondary); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 CHECKLIST \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.checklist { list-style: none; margin: 12px 0; }\n.checklist li {\n padding: 8px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #F0EDE8; font-size: 13px;\n display: flex; align-items: flex-start; gap: 10px;\n}\n.checklist li:last-child { border-bottom: none; }\n.checklist li::before { content: '\u2713'; color: var(--green-light); font-weight: 900; flex-shrink: 0; margin-top: 1px; }\n.checklist li.danger::before { content: '\u2717'; color: var(--red-light); }\n.checklist li.warn::before { content: '\u26a0'; color: var(--orange); }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 DETECTION TABLE \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.det-table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 13px; margin: 14px 0; }\n.det-table th { background: #F2EEE6; padding: 10px 14px; text-align: right; font-weight: 700; color: var(--gold); border-bottom: 2px solid var(--border-dark); }\n.det-table td { padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border); vertical-align: top; }\n.det-table tr:last-child td { border-bottom: none; }\n.det-table tr:hover td { background: var(--gold-pale); }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 SCORE METER \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.difficulty-bar { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px; margin: 8px 0; font-size: 12px; }\n.difficulty-bar .label { color: var(--text-muted); min-width: 80px; }\n.bar-track { flex: 1; height: 6px; background: #EEE; border-radius: 3px; overflow: hidden; }\n.bar-fill { height: 100%; border-radius: 3px; transition: width 0.6s ease; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 COMPARISON COLS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.compare-wrap { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 14px; margin: 14px 0; }\n.compare-col { border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 8px; padding: 14px; }\n.compare-col h5 { font-size: 12px; font-weight: 900; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-bottom: 6px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border); }\n.compare-col.original h5 { color: var(--green); }\n.compare-col.fake h5 { color: var(--red-light); }\n.compare-col ul { list-style: none; font-size: 13px; }\n.compare-col ul li { padding: 4px 0; color: var(--text-secondary); }\n.compare-col ul li::before { content: '\u2022 '; color: inherit; font-weight: 900; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 PMD VISUAL \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.pmd-types { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(160px, 1fr)); gap: 10px; margin: 14px 0; }\n.pmd-type { text-align: center; padding: 16px 10px; background: #FAFAF8; border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 10px; }\n.pmd-type .pmd-icon { font-size: 28px; display: block; margin-bottom: 8px; }\n.pmd-type .pmd-name { font-size: 13px; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 4px; }\n.pmd-type .pmd-en { font-size: 10px; color: var(--text-muted); }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 PROTOCOL STEPS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.protocol-steps { counter-reset: step; }\n.protocol-step {\n display: flex; gap: 14px; margin-bottom: 16px;\n background: white; border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 10px; padding: 16px;\n}\n.step-num {\n width: 36px; height: 36px; border-radius: 50%; flex-shrink: 0;\n background: linear-gradient(135deg, var(--gold), var(--gold-light));\n color: white; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\n font-weight: 900; font-size: 14px;\n}\n.step-content h4 { font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; color: var(--text); }\n.step-content p { font-size: 13px; color: var(--text-secondary); line-height: 1.7; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 QUICK FILTER CHIPS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.filter-chips { display: flex; gap: 8px; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 20px; }\n.chip {\n padding: 6px 14px; border-radius: 20px; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 700;\n cursor: pointer; border: 1px solid var(--border);\n background: white; color: var(--text-secondary); transition: all 0.2s;\n}\n.chip:hover, .chip.active { background: var(--gold); color: white; border-color: var(--gold); }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 NO RESULTS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.no-results { text-align: center; padding: 40px; color: var(--text-muted); display: none; }\n.no-results .nr-icon { font-size: 40px; display: block; margin-bottom: 12px; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 FOOTER \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.ct-footer {\n padding: 20px 24px; background: #F7F4EF; border-top: 1px solid var(--border);\n font-size: 12px; color: var(--text-muted); text-align: center; line-height: 1.8;\n}\n\n@media (max-width: 600px) {\n .ct-panel { padding: 18px 14px; }\n .compare-wrap { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n .ct-card-title { font-size: 13px; }\n .example-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n}\n<\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n\n<div id=\"coin-tool-wrap\">\n\n\n<div class=\"ct-header\">\n <span class=\"ct-header-icon\">\ud83e\ude99<\/span>\n <h1>Encyclopedia of Minting Errors, Counterfeiting, and Currency Damage<\/h1>\n <p>A comprehensive technical reference according to PCGS, NGC, ANS, and ANA standards.<\/p>\n <div class=\"ct-badges\">\n <span class=\"ct-badge\">Scribe errors<\/span>\n <span class=\"ct-badge\">Detecting forgery<\/span>\n <span class=\"ct-badge\">PMD environmental damage<\/span>\n <span class=\"ct-badge\">Arab and international currencies<\/span>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"ct-search\">\n <input type=\"text\" id=\"ctSearch\" placeholder=\"Search: double coin, counterfeit, rust, lira, riyal, dirham, Morgan...\" oninput=\"ctDoSearch()\">\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"ct-tabs\">\n <button class=\"ct-tab active\" onclick=\"ctTab(event,'p-errors')\"><span class=\"tab-icon\">\u2699\ufe0f<\/span> Scribe errors<\/button>\n <button class=\"ct-tab\" onclick=\"ctTab(event,'p-forgery')\"><span class=\"tab-icon\">\ud83d\udd0d<\/span> forgery<\/button>\n <button class=\"ct-tab\" onclick=\"ctTab(event,'p-pmd')\"><span class=\"tab-icon\">\ud83c\udf3f<\/span> PMD coin damage<\/button>\n <button class=\"ct-tab\" onclick=\"ctTab(event,'p-protocol')\"><span class=\"tab-icon\">\ud83e\uddea<\/span> Screening protocol<\/button>\n <button class=\"ct-tab\" onclick=\"ctTab(event,'p-arabic')\"><span class=\"tab-icon\">\ud83c\udf19<\/span> Arab currencies<\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"no-results\" id=\"noResults\">\n <span class=\"nr-icon\">\ud83d\udd0e<\/span>\n No results matched the search.\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"p-errors\" class=\"ct-panel active\">\n <div class=\"ct-section-title\" style=\"color:var(--orange)\"><span class=\"ico\">\u2699\ufe0f<\/span> Genuine Mint Errors<\/div>\n\n <div class=\"filter-chips\">\n <span class=\"chip active\" onclick=\"ctFilter(this,'all')\">All<\/span>\n <span class=\"chip\" onclick=\"ctFilter(this,'die')\">Template errors<\/span>\n <span class=\"chip\" onclick=\"ctFilter(this,'planchet')\">disk errors<\/span>\n <span class=\"chip\" onclick=\"ctFilter(this,'strike')\">Scribe errors<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\" data-cat=\"die\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--orange)\">\u0661<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Double die (DDO\/DDR)<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-error\">Template error<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>This error is not caused by vibration of the machine during minting, but rather results from an error in a stage <strong>Hubbing the mother mold<\/strong> The design is printed twice at different angles of distortion. The result is an apparent duplication of letters, numbers, or facial features.<\/p>\n <div class=\"info-box blue\"><strong>\ud83d\udd2c How to accurately distinguish it<\/strong>In true double coinage, the repeated parts are on <u>Same height as the engraving<\/u>. Unlike \u201cMechanical Doubling\u201d, which produces a flat shadow and not a true relief pattern.<\/div>\n <div class=\"example-grid\">\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">\ud83c\uddf8\ud83c\udde6 Saudi Arabia<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">Halala 1400 AH \u2014 DDR<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">A notable duplication in the word \u201cKingdom\u201d on the back, documented in several copies from the Riyadh Mint.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf8 United States<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">1\u00a2 Lincoln 1955 \u2014 DDO<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">The most famous case of duplication in history; the duplication of the date and the inscription in its entirety, is one of the most expensive American mistakes.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">\ud83c\uddea\ud83c\uddec Egypt<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">Millim 1938 \u2014 DDO<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">The duplication in King Farouk's head is documented in private collections.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"difficulty-bar\"><span class=\"label\">Difficulty in detection<\/span><div class=\"bar-track\"><div class=\"bar-fill\" style=\"width:40%;background:var(--green-light)\"><\/div><\/div><span style=\"font-size:12px;color:var(--text-muted)\">Medium<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"difficulty-bar\"><span class=\"label\">Additional value<\/span><div class=\"bar-track\"><div class=\"bar-fill\" style=\"width:85%;background:var(--gold)\"><\/div><\/div><span style=\"font-size:12px;color:var(--text-muted)\">Very high<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\" data-cat=\"strike\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--orange)\">\u0662<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Brockage Error<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-error\">Rare mistake<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>This occurs when a coin is stuck to the upper die and acts as a temporary die for the next disc. The result: a coin with a normal obverse and reverse. <strong>Incuse Mirror Image<\/strong> From the same side.<\/p>\n <div class=\"info-box gold\"><strong>\ud83d\udcb0 Achievement Value<\/strong>Brocade is one of the most sought-after and exciting minting errors for collectors. It can increase the coin's value 10 to 50 times.<\/div>\n <ul class=\"checklist\">\n <li>The inverted recessed back perfectly matches the face pattern.<\/li>\n <li>The edge is normal because the disc is in the guide ring.<\/li>\n <li>The weight of the coin is perfectly normal.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\" data-cat=\"planchet\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--orange)\">\u0663<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Wrong Planchet \/ Off-Metal<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-error\">disk error<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>This occurs when a currency design is minted on a metal disc intended for a different denomination or country. For example, the Saudi Riyal design might be minted on a disc intended for the Dirham.<\/p>\n <div class=\"example-grid\">\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf8 United States<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">25\u00a2 on a 10\u00a2 disc<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">Very rare. The coin is smaller than normal with a full engraving.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">\ud83c\uddec\ud83c\udde7 Britain<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">A coin on a nickel disc<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">As documented in the London Mint's records, the color of the metal is clearly different.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"info-box orange\"><strong>\u26a0\ufe0f How to detect it<\/strong>Weight and diameter are the primary indicators. Comparing the diameter to a physical coin of the same issue reveals the difference immediately.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\" data-cat=\"strike\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--orange)\">\u0664<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Off-Center Strike<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-error\">Error<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>The disc partially came out of the guide ring before striking, producing a recessed pattern with a white edge on one side.<\/p>\n <div class=\"info-box blue\"><strong>\ud83d\udcd0 How to estimate displacement<\/strong>It is measured as a percentage: an offset of 50% means that half the coin is blank. The greater the offset, along with the date and inscription, the higher its value.<\/div>\n <div class=\"difficulty-bar\"><span class=\"label\">Ease of detection<\/span><div class=\"bar-track\"><div class=\"bar-fill\" style=\"width:90%;background:var(--green-light)\"><\/div><\/div><span style=\"font-size:12px;color:var(--text-muted)\">Easy<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\" data-cat=\"die\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--orange)\">\u0665<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Mule Error<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-error\">Compatibility error<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>Minting a coin with a front designated for one denomination and a back designated for a completely different denomination (human error in mold assembly).<\/p>\n <div class=\"example-grid\">\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf8 United States<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">State Quarter Mule 2000<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">The Sacagawea Dollar face with the State Quarter reverse. It was filed in court to determine ownership.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">\ud83c\uddec\ud83c\udde7 Britain<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">50p Kew Gardens Mule<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">One of the most famous modern mistakes, officially documented by the British Mint.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\" data-cat=\"planchet\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--orange)\">\u0666<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Clipped Planchet<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-error\">disk error<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>It is produced when metal discs are cut from a strip in a way that overlaps previous cuts, resulting in a disc with a curved or cut edge.<\/p>\n <ul class=\"checklist\">\n <li>Straight Clip: The edge is cut at a right angle.<\/li>\n <li>Curved Clip: The most common and aesthetically pleasing<\/li>\n <li>Multiple Clips: Two or more clips of the same coin<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"p-forgery\" class=\"ct-panel\">\n <div class=\"ct-section-title\" style=\"color:var(--red)\"><span class=\"ico\">\ud83d\udd0d<\/span> Counterfeiting and value manipulation<\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--red)\">\u0661<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Cast counterfeits<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-forgery\">Basic forgery<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>The oldest and easiest method of counterfeiting to detect involves creating a mold from an original coin and then pouring molten metal onto it. This method is used to counterfeit gold and silver coins.<\/p>\n <div class=\"compare-wrap\">\n <div class=\"compare-col original\">\n <h5>\u2705 Original currency<\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Sharp edges and clear lines<\/li>\n <li>The reeding lines are parallel.<\/li>\n <li>Pure metallic ringing when tapped<\/li>\n <li>Accurate weight according to specifications<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"compare-col fake\">\n <h5>\u274c Fake casting<\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>blurred or rounded details<\/li>\n <li>Non-parallel or missing lines<\/li>\n <li>A faint or "dead" ring\u201c<\/li>\n <li>Lighter or slightly heavier<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"info-box red\"><strong>\ud83d\udd2c The decisive sign<\/strong>Examining the surface of the coin under a 10x magnifying glass reveals tiny, scattered spots resembling orange peel\u2014the result of air bubbles during casting. These are not present in the minted coins.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--red)\">\u0662<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Spark Erosion (EDM)<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-forgery\">Technical forgery<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>A metal die and an authentic coin are immersed in a conductive liquid. An electrical discharge is used to transfer extremely fine details to the die. This is one of the most sophisticated modern counterfeiting techniques.<\/p>\n <div class=\"info-box orange\"><strong>\ud83d\udd0e How is it revealed?<\/strong>The surface under a microscope shows regularly distributed dots (a discharge effect). The faker attempts to smooth it, leaving very fine circular lines under 40x magnification.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--red)\">\u0663<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Mintmark Alteration<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-danger\">The most deceptive forgery<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>Adding, removing, or changing the mint mark can transform a common coin into a rare one. A classic example: adding the letter \u201cS\u201d (San Francisco) to an 1893 Morgan dollar from Philadelphia makes it a rare version worth thousands of dollars.<\/p>\n <div class=\"info-box red\"><strong>\ud83d\udd2c The decisive test<\/strong>Examine the area where the mint mark connects to the coin's body under a magnifying glass of at least 40x. Welding, glue, or a difference in the metal's texture are signs of counterfeiting. The depth of the engraving should match the depth of the other letters.<\/div>\n <div class=\"example-grid\">\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf8 United States<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">Morgan Dollar 1893-S<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">Most often, the falsified \u201cS\u201d is added. Every copy claiming to be 1893-S requires PCGS or NGC certification.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">\ud83c\uddf8\ud83c\udde6 Saudi Arabia<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">Rare gold riyal<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">The year was altered on some of the less rare gold riyals to make them look like rare issues.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--red)\">\u0664<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Fraudulent polishing of proof coins (Proof Coin Fake)<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-forgery\">cosmetic distortion<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>Polishing ordinary circulating coins to resemble meticulously minted "proof" coins with mirror-like surfaces is a highly degrading and penalized practice in competitions.<\/p>\n <div class=\"compare-wrap\">\n <div class=\"compare-col original\">\n <h5>\u2705 Proof Original<\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Perfect mirror surfaces under engraving<\/li>\n <li>Frosted pattern with contrast<\/li>\n <li>No polishing lines whatsoever<\/li>\n <li>Blade-sharp edges<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"compare-col fake\">\n <h5>\u274c Fakely polished<\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Fine circular polishing lines<\/li>\n <li>The pattern reflects light uniformly.<\/li>\n <li>Loss of minute details<\/li>\n <li>Straight scratches under magnification<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--red)\">\u0665<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Counterfeiting by Transfer (Transfer Die Counterfeits)<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-danger\">Most accurate<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>High-pressure hydraulic presses are used to transfer the details of a rare coin into compression dies to mint thousands of counterfeit copies.<\/p>\n <div class=\"info-box red\"><strong>\ud83d\udd2c The killer sign \u2014 \u201crecurring flaws\u201d<\/strong>If you find a very small scratch in the exact same location on three different coins\u2014they are from the same die. Genuine coins never share such minute imperfections.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--red)\">\u0666<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Modern Chinese Counterfeits<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-forgery\">recent threat<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>One of the most dangerous sources of global counterfeiting today. They are mostly made of pure silver with almost identical weights and very fine details.<\/p>\n <ul class=\"checklist\">\n <li>Edge ring pressure test: The original shows a clear flattening at the lower edge.<\/li>\n <li class=\"warn\">Chinese fakes often have the correct weight (real silver) but the design is copied.<\/li>\n <li>Comparing character depth: Transliterated characters lose 5-15% of their depth<\/li>\n <li class=\"danger\">Don't rely on a silver magnet alone\u2014pure silver is non-magnetic, whether genuine or fake.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"p-pmd\" class=\"ct-panel\">\n <div class=\"ct-section-title\" style=\"color:var(--green)\"><span class=\"ico\">\ud83c\udf3f<\/span> Environmental Damage and Post-Physical Damage (PMD)<\/div>\n\n <div class=\"info-box green\"><strong>What is PMD?<\/strong>Post-Mint Damage (PMD) is any damage or alteration that occurs to a coin after it leaves the mint. Understanding PMD is essential to avoid confusing it with genuine, valuable "minting errors.".<\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pmd-types\">\n <div class=\"pmd-type\"><span class=\"pmd-icon\">\ud83d\udd28<\/span><div class=\"pmd-name\">Schizophrenia and folding<\/div><div class=\"pmd-en\">Bent \/ Folded<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"pmd-type\"><span class=\"pmd-icon\">\ud83d\udd25<\/span><div class=\"pmd-name\">thermal burns<\/div><div class=\"pmd-en\">Heat Damage<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"pmd-type\"><span class=\"pmd-icon\">\ud83e\uddea<\/span><div class=\"pmd-name\">chemical corrosion<\/div><div class=\"pmd-en\">Chemical Corrosion<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"pmd-type\"><span class=\"pmd-icon\">\ud83e\ude9a<\/span><div class=\"pmd-name\">deep scratches<\/div><div class=\"pmd-en\">Gouges \/ Scratches<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"pmd-type\"><span class=\"pmd-icon\">\ud83c\udf0a<\/span><div class=\"pmd-name\">sand erosion<\/div><div class=\"pmd-en\">Environmental Wear<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"pmd-type\"><span class=\"pmd-icon\">\u2699\ufe0f<\/span><div class=\"pmd-name\">mechanical distortion<\/div><div class=\"pmd-en\">Mechanical PMD<\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--green)\">\u0661<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Rust and Oxidation<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-pmd\">PMD is common<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>This type of damage is most common in areas with high humidity, such as the Gulf region and the Mediterranean. It varies depending on the metal:<\/p>\n <div class=\"example-grid\">\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">\ud83e\udd47 Gold<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">Very resistant<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">Pure gold does not rust. The dark appearance is due to impurities in the alloy (copper\/silver).<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">\ud83e\udd48 Silver<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">Silver blackening (toning)<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">Silver sulfide forms a dark layer. Consistent natural toning adds value; cleansing reduces it.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">\ud83e\udd49 Copper<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">Green rust (Verdigris)<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">Common on old copper coins, millimes, and dirhams. The green layer may conceal valuable details.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">Nickel<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">white\/grey spots<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">It reacts with acids or prolonged exposure to water. This is common in modern coins and fils.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"info-box gold\"><strong>\ud83d\udca1 Natural toning vs. artificial toning<\/strong>Natural toning develops slowly, gradually, and deeply. Chemically produced synthetic toning appears flat and uniform. PCGS and NGC do not package synthetic toning.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--green)\">\u0662<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Cleaning Damage<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-pmd\">Most common reasons for lower ratings<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>Cleaning coins is <strong>Most common mistakes<\/strong> Among novice collectors, and the most influential on value, the global classification system PCGS and NGC lists the coin in a special portfolio with a \u201cCleaned\u201d label, drastically reducing its value.<\/p>\n <ul class=\"checklist\">\n <li class=\"danger\">Never clean your coins \u2014 even dust should only be removed with a soft brush.<\/li>\n <li class=\"danger\">Chemical cleaners leave fine streaks and remove the surface layer of metal.<\/li>\n <li class=\"danger\">Rubbing with a cloth leaves visible \u201chair lines\u201d under a magnifying glass<\/li>\n <li class=\"warn\">The only exception: Coins intended for trading for research purposes only.<\/li>\n <li>To remove removable contaminants: Consult a specialist in philatelic restoration.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--green)\">\u0663<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Bag scratches and contact marks<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-pmd\">Natural PMD<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>Scratches caused by coins rubbing against each other in transport and handling bags. It's PMD, but... <strong>Acceptable and expected<\/strong> In the currencies in circulation and is calculated in the rating score.<\/p>\n <div class=\"info-box blue\"><strong>\ud83d\udcca Its impact on evaluation<\/strong>In the PCGS\/NGC system, case scratches prevent a coin from achieving an MS-65 rating or higher. An MS-63 coin has noticeable but acceptable scratches. MS-70 means no visible scratches below 5x.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--green)\">\u0664<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Jewelry Damage \/ Holes in Coins<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-pmd\">PMD Influential<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>Very common in old Islamic, Ottoman, and Gulf coins that were used as jewelry. The hole significantly reduces the coin's monetary value.<\/p>\n <div class=\"example-grid\">\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">\ud83c\udf19 Ottoman<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">The perforated Ottoman shark<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">Very common. 19th-century coins were used in embroidery and tribal jewelry.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">\ud83c\uddf8\ud83c\udde6 Gulf<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">Silver riyal, navy blue<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">Maria Theresa riyals and Najd silver riyals were often found in traditional necklaces and belts.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"p-protocol\" class=\"ct-panel\">\n <div class=\"ct-section-title\" style=\"color:var(--blue)\"><span class=\"ico\">\ud83e\uddea<\/span> Integrated screening protocol<\/div>\n\n <div class=\"info-box blue\"><strong>\ud83d\udccb Examination Methodology<\/strong>Follow these steps in order to achieve the highest accuracy in assessing the authenticity and condition of the coin. Do not skip steps\u2014each step builds upon the previous one.<\/div>\n\n <div class=\"protocol-steps\">\n <div class=\"protocol-step\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">\u0661<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <h4>Initial examination \u2014 with the naked eye<\/h4>\n <p>Hold the coin by the edge only, using a cotton glove. Examine the obverse, reverse, and edge in natural light or a focused lamp. Note: Are the edges sharp? Are the details clear? Is the surface clean?<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"protocol-step\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">\u0662<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <h4>Metrological measurements (weight and diameter)<\/h4>\n <p>Weigh the coin with a precision scale to 0.01 grams. Measure its diameter and thickness. Compare to the official issue specifications. A deviation of more than 0.2 grams or 0.2 mm is a warning sign.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"protocol-step\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">\u0663<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <h4>Edge Inspection<\/h4>\n <p>The edge is the "passport" of the coin. The reeding lines must be perfectly parallel and of equal depth. Casting produces irregular reeding or rounded edges.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"protocol-step\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">\u0664<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <h4>Magnification Examination (Loupe Examination) \u2014 10\u00d7 and 40\u00d7<\/h4>\n <p>10x for general engraving. 40x for checking the base, mint mark, and date. Look for: casting points, polishing lines, variations in engraving depth, and recurring defects.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"protocol-step\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">\u0665<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <h4>Sound resonance test (Ring Test)<\/h4>\n <p>For silver and gold coins: Place the coin on your fingertip and tap it gently. A genuine coin will produce a clear, continuous ring. A cast counterfeit will produce a dull or short ring.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"protocol-step\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">\u0666<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <h4>Chemical testing of the metal (if necessary)<\/h4>\n <p>For gold coins: XRF (Fluorescence X-ray) analyzes the metallic composition without damage. For silver coins: a diluted nitric acid solution is applied to an inconspicuous area. For nickel and copper: a magnet reveals the plating.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"ct-section-title\" style=\"color:var(--blue);margin-top:28px\"><span class=\"ico\">\ud83d\udcca<\/span> Quick comparison table<\/div>\n <table class=\"det-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Test<\/th>\n <th>Original currency<\/th>\n <th>Fake\/damaged<\/th>\n <th>Cost<\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>the weight<\/td><td>Conforms to specifications \u00b10.05g<\/td><td>A noticeable or very slight deviation<\/td><td>Precision scale 20$<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>magnet<\/td><td>It does not attract (gold\/silver\/copper)<\/td><td>Attraction = Coated steel<\/td><td>Free<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Resonance<\/td><td>Continuous clear sound<\/td><td>Muffled or short<\/td><td>Free<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>10x magnifier<\/td><td>Sharp pattern, clean floor<\/td><td>Blurred pattern\/casting points<\/td><td>20-50$<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Magnifier 40x<\/td><td>No recurring flaws<\/td><td>Recurring defects, polishing lines<\/td><td>50-150$<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>XRF<\/td><td>Correct metal composition 100%<\/td><td>Impurities or incorrect calibration<\/td><td>Specialist 50-200$<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"p-arabic\" class=\"ct-panel\">\n <div class=\"ct-section-title\" style=\"color:var(--purple)\"><span class=\"ico\">\ud83c\udf19<\/span> Arab currencies \u2014 most prominent documented cases<\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--purple)\">\u0661<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">The Ottoman gold lira \u2014 errors and forgeries<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-rare\">Highest risk<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>The Ottoman gold lira is one of the most widespread and most counterfeited Arab currencies in the region for commercial reasons and dowry contracts.<\/p>\n <div class=\"example-grid\">\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">Common forgery<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">counterfeit "Majidiyya" lira<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">It is made of 18 or 21 karat gold instead of 22 karat. A weight deficiency of more than 0.1 grams is immediately detectable. The original weighs 7.216 grams.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">rare mistake<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">1255 Lira Double Hit<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">Documented in Turkish and Arabic collections. A duplicate of the Sultan's tughra on the front.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">PMD is common<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">Perforated coins for jewelry<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">Very common in rural areas. The hole reduces the yield value by 30-70% depending on the location.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"info-box gold\"><strong>\ud83d\udcd0 Governing specifications<\/strong>Ottoman gold lira: 7.216 grams \u2014 917 gold (22 carats) \u2014 22 mm diameter. Any deviation requires verification.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--purple)\">\u0662<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Saudi Silver Riyal \u2014 Documented Errors<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-error\">Documented errors<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <div class=\"example-grid\">\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">Error<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">1374 AH Riyal \u2014 Template Removal<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">A slight deviation in the alignment of the two molds, documented in several copies, gives the engraving a slanted appearance.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">Error<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">Silver Riyal 1\/2 \u2014 Missing Disc<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">Irregular cutting of the disc from the silver strip, curved edge on one side.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">falsification<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">fake silver Najd riyal<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">It is counterfeited using lower-purity silver (800 instead of 917). XRF testing is necessary to confirm the silver's purity.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--purple)\">\u0663<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Egyptian Gold Pound \u2014 Francoville<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-rare\">Rare and fake<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>The gold pounds of the Khedive, King Fuad and Farouk are among the most valuable Egyptian currencies and therefore the most targeted for counterfeiting.<\/p>\n <div class=\"example-grid\">\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">The danger of counterfeiting<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">Farouk Pound 1938<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">It is counterfeited using lower-carat gold discs. Original specifications: 8.5 grams \u2014 875 carat.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">rare mistake<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">Pound Fouad \u2014 Repeated Date<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">Documented in private collections, double Arabic numerals for the date on the back.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--purple)\">\u0664<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">The UAE dirham \u2014 modern minting errors<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-error\">Recent errors<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <div class=\"example-grid\">\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">mistake<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">Commemorative dirham offset<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">Several commemorative editions showed a slight shift in the centering of the inscription, especially the \u201cYear of the Gulf\u201d series.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">mistake<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">dirham, false metal match<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">Rare: A coin design with a wrong color on an outer ring in some two-tone parts.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--purple)\">\u0665<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Maria Theresa Real (MT Dollar) \u2014 the most widely used currency in the Gulf<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-rare\">commercial counterfeiting<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>The Austrian Maria Theresa thaler (1780) was used as official trade currency in the Arabian Peninsula, Yemen, and East Africa for two centuries. All modern officially minted versions bear the date 1780, but the classification of the original from a reissue is important.<\/p>\n <div class=\"info-box gold\"><strong>\ud83d\udcd0 Original Specifications 1780<\/strong>Weight: 28.0668 grams \u2014 833 silver (20 carats) \u2014 40 mm diameter. Official Austrian reissue conforms to these specifications and is commercially acceptable.<\/div>\n <div class=\"compare-wrap\">\n <div class=\"compare-col original\">\n <h5>\u2705 Original \/ Official Reissue<\/h5>\n <ul><li>Weight 28.06 \u00b1 0.05 grams<\/li><li>The letter \u201cM\u201d in Mariatheresia is clearly prominent.<\/li><li>Edge groove lines: 133 lines<\/li><\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"compare-col fake\">\n <h5>\u274c Fake<\/h5>\n <ul><li>lighter or heavier weight<\/li><li>blurred details on the face<\/li><li>The number of grooves varies<\/li><\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"ct-footer\">\n The information provided is an educational reference based on PCGS, NGC, ANS, ANA standards and specialized academic research.<br>\n For official documentation, it is recommended to send coins to accredited graders. All content \u00a9 Al-Muqta Al-Arabi\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<script>\nfunction ctTab(e, id) {\n document.querySelectorAll('.ct-panel').forEach(p => p.classList.remove('active'));\n document.querySelectorAll('.ct-tab').forEach(t => t.classList.remove('active'));\n document.getElementById(id).classList.add('active');\n e.currentTarget.classList.add('active');\n document.getElementById('noResults').style.display = 'none';\n document.querySelectorAll('.ct-card').forEach(c => c.style.display = '');\n}\n\nfunction ctToggle(head) {\n const card = head.closest('.ct-card');\n card.classList.toggle('open');\n}\n\nfunction ctFilter(chip, cat) {\n document.querySelectorAll('.filter-chips .chip').forEach(c => c.classList.remove('active'));\n chip.classList.add('active');\n const panel = document.getElementById('p-errors');\n panel.querySelectorAll('.ct-card').forEach(card => {\n card.style.display = (cat === 'all' || card.dataset.cat === cat) ? '' : 'none';\n });\n}\n\nfunction ctDoSearch() {\n const q = document.getElementById('ctSearch').value.trim().toLowerCase();\n if (!q) {\n document.querySelectorAll('.ct-card').forEach(c => c.style.display = '');\n document.getElementById('noResults').style.display = 'none';\n return;\n }\n \/\/ show all panels during search\n let found = 0;\n document.querySelectorAll('.ct-panel').forEach(p => p.classList.remove('active'));\n document.querySelectorAll('.ct-card').forEach(card => {\n const match = card.textContent.toLowerCase().includes(q);\n card.style.display = match ? '' : 'none';\n if (match) { found++; card.closest('.ct-panel').classList.add('active'); }\n });\n document.getElementById('noResults').style.display = found ? 'none' : 'block';\n if (!found) document.querySelectorAll('.ct-panel').forEach(p => p.classList.remove('active'));\n}\n<\/script>\n<\/body>\n<\/html>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"background: linear-gradient(to left, #ffffff, #fdfbf7); border: 1px solid #e0e0e0; padding: 35px; border-radius: 16px; direction: rtl; font-family: 'Cairo', sans-serif; margin: 45px 0; text-align: right; box-shadow: 0 10px 30px rgba(0,0,0,0.05); border-right: 6px solid #bf9b30; position: relative; overflow: hidden;\">\n \n <div style=\"position: absolute; left: -20px; top: -20px; font-size: 100px; opacity: 0.03; transform: rotate(-15deg); pointer-events: none;\">\ud83e\ude99<\/div>\n\n <h3 style=\"margin-top: 0; color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 22px; display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px;\">\n <span style=\"background: #bf9b30; color: white; width: 30px; height: 30px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; border-radius: 50%; font-size: 16px;\">\ud83d\udca1<\/span>\n Not sure where to start?\n <\/h3>\n \n <p style=\"font-size: 17px; color: #555; line-height: 1.8; margin: 15px 0 25px 0; max-width: 85%;\">\n Instead of random searching, you can use <strong style=\"color: #1a1a1a;\">Interactive Sales Pathway Assistant<\/strong>. Answer 5 simple questions about the condition of your coin so we can suggest the most suitable channel for displaying it (international auctions, bullion dealers, or hobbyist markets).\n <\/p>\n\n <a href=\"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/grading-tools\/how-to-sell-old-coins-a-guide\/\" class=\"cta-button-hover\" style=\"display: inline-block; background: #bf9b30; color: #ffffff; text-decoration: none; font-weight: 700; font-size: 17px; padding: 14px 30px; border-radius: 8px; box-shadow: 0 4px 15px rgba(191, 155, 48, 0.3); transition: all 0.3s ease;\">\n Start the sales path selection assistant \u2190\n <\/a>\n\n <style>\n .cta-button-hover:hover {\n transform: translateY(-3px);\n box-shadow: 0 8px 25px rgba(191, 155, 48, 0.4) !important;\n background-color: #a68628 !important;\n }\n <\/style>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>“\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629\u061f \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643 \u0648\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0635\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.” \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \ud83e\ude99 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 PCGS …<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":284874,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"wpupg_custom_link":[],"wpupg_custom_link_behaviour":[],"wpupg_custom_link_nofollow":[],"wpupg_custom_image":[],"wpupg_custom_image_id":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-284864","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/284864","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=284864"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/284864\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/284874"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=284864"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}

{"id":284864,"date":"2026-03-29T16:35:09","date_gmt":"2026-03-29T05:35:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/?page_id=284864"},"modified":"2026-03-30T20:14:48","modified_gmt":"2026-03-30T09:14:48","slug":"minting-errors-counterfeiting-and-damage","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/knowledge-portal\/minting-errors-counterfeiting-and-damage\/","title":{"rendered":"Encyclopedia of Minting Errors and Currency Counterfeiting"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201cDo you own a rare coin or just a damaged piece? The difference between minting errors and detecting a counterfeit can be worth thousands of dollars. We designed this interactive encyclopedia to be your comprehensive technical guide to examining Arab and international coins based on international laboratory standards.\u201d<\/i><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEncyclopedia of Minting Errors, Counterfeiting, and Currency Damage<\/title>\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\n<link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Amiri:wght@400;700&family=Cairo:wght@300;400;600;700;900&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n<style>\n:root {\n --ink: #0F0F0F;\n --surface: #FAFAF8;\n --card: #FFFFFF;\n --border: #E8E4DC;\n --border-dark: #C8C0B0;\n --gold: #B8860B;\n --gold-light: #D4A017;\n --gold-pale: #FDF6E3;\n --red: #8B1A1A;\n --red-light: #C0392B;\n --orange: #C45E00;\n --blue: #1A3A6B;\n --blue-light: #2756A8;\n --green: #1B5E20;\n --green-light: #2E7D32;\n --purple: #4A148C;\n --text: #1A1A1A;\n --text-secondary: #5C5040;\n --text-muted: #8C7C6C;\n --shadow: 0 2px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.08);\n --shadow-hover: 0 6px 24px rgba(0,0,0,0.14);\n}\n\n* { box-sizing: border-box; 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}\n.ct-header h1 {\n font-family: 'Amiri', serif;\n font-size: clamp(20px, 4vw, 32px);\n color: #F0D060;\n margin-bottom: 8px;\n text-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.4);\n}\n.ct-header p { color: #A89070; font-weight: 300; font-size: 14px; }\n.ct-badges { margin-top: 14px; display: flex; gap: 8px; justify-content: center; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.ct-badge { background: rgba(184,134,11,0.15); border: 1px solid rgba(184,134,11,0.35); color: #C9A84C; padding: 3px 12px; border-radius: 20px; font-size: 11px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.5px; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 SEARCH \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.ct-search { padding: 20px 24px; background: #F7F4EF; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border); }\n.ct-search input {\n width: 100%; padding: 12px 20px;\n border: 2px solid var(--border); border-radius: 30px;\n font-family: 'Cairo', sans-serif; font-size: 14px;\n background: white; color: var(--text);\n outline: none; transition: border-color 0.25s;\n text-align: right;\n}\n.ct-search input:focus { border-color: var(--gold); }\n.ct-search input::placeholder { color: var(--text-muted); }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 TABS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.ct-tabs { display: flex; background: #F2EEE6; border-bottom: 2px solid var(--border); overflow-x: auto; scrollbar-width: none; }\n.ct-tabs::-webkit-scrollbar { display: none; }\n.ct-tab {\n flex: 1; min-width: 140px; padding: 16px 12px;\n border: none; background: none; cursor: pointer;\n font-family: 'Cairo', sans-serif; font-weight: 700;\n font-size: 13px; color: var(--text-secondary);\n border-bottom: 3px solid transparent;\n transition: all 0.25s; white-space: nowrap;\n display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; gap: 6px;\n}\n.ct-tab:hover { background: rgba(184,134,11,0.06); color: var(--gold); }\n.ct-tab.active { background: white; color: var(--red); border-bottom-color: var(--red); }\n.ct-tab .tab-icon { font-size: 16px; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 CONTENT PANELS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.ct-panel { display: none; padding: 28px 24px; animation: ctFadeIn 0.35s ease; }\n.ct-panel.active { display: block; }\n@keyframes ctFadeIn { from { opacity:0; transform:translateY(8px); } to { opacity:1; transform:translateY(0); } }\n\n.ct-section-title {\n font-family: 'Amiri', serif; font-size: 22px;\n margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 12px;\n border-bottom: 2px solid var(--border);\n display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px;\n}\n.ct-section-title .ico { font-size: 20px; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 ACCORDION CARDS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.ct-card {\n border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 12px;\n margin-bottom: 14px; background: white; overflow: hidden;\n transition: box-shadow 0.25s, border-color 0.25s;\n}\n.ct-card:hover { box-shadow: var(--shadow-hover); border-color: var(--border-dark); }\n\n.ct-card-head {\n padding: 16px 20px; cursor: pointer;\n display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; gap: 12px;\n background: #FDFBF8; transition: background 0.2s;\n}\n.ct-card-head:hover { background: var(--gold-pale); }\n.ct-card-head-right { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px; flex: 1; min-width: 0; }\n.ct-card-num {\n width: 28px; height: 28px; border-radius: 50%; flex-shrink: 0;\n display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\n font-size: 12px; font-weight: 900; color: white;\n}\n.ct-card-title { font-weight: 700; font-size: 14px; color: var(--text); line-height: 1.4; }\n.ct-card-meta { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px; flex-shrink: 0; }\n.ct-arrow { color: var(--text-muted); font-size: 11px; transition: transform 0.3s; }\n.ct-card.open .ct-arrow { transform: rotate(180deg); }\n\n.ct-card-body {\n max-height: 0; overflow: hidden;\n transition: max-height 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);\n}\n.ct-card.open .ct-card-body { max-height: 1200px; }\n.ct-card-inner { padding: 20px 20px 22px; border-top: 1px solid var(--border); }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 TAGS \/ LABELS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.tag {\n display: inline-block; padding: 3px 10px; border-radius: 20px;\n font-size: 11px; font-weight: 700; white-space: nowrap;\n}\n.tag-error { background: #FFF3E0; color: var(--orange); border: 1px solid #FFCC80; }\n.tag-forgery { background: #FFEBEE; color: var(--red-light); border: 1px solid #EF9A9A; }\n.tag-pmd { background: #E8F5E9; color: var(--green); border: 1px solid #A5D6A7; }\n.tag-rare { background: #FFF8E1; color: var(--gold); border: 1px solid #FFE082; }\n.tag-danger { background: #FFEBEE; color: var(--red); border: 1px solid #EF9A9A; }\n.tag-info { background: #E3F2FD; color: var(--blue); border: 1px solid #90CAF9; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 INFO BOXES \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.info-box {\n padding: 14px 16px; border-radius: 8px; margin: 14px 0; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.8;\n}\n.info-box.red { background: #FFF5F5; border-right: 4px solid var(--red-light); color: var(--red); }\n.info-box.orange { background: #FFF8F0; border-right: 4px solid var(--orange); color: #7A3A00; }\n.info-box.blue { background: #F0F5FF; border-right: 4px solid var(--blue-light); color: var(--blue); }\n.info-box.green { background: #F0F9F0; border-right: 4px solid var(--green-light); color: var(--green); }\n.info-box.gold { background: var(--gold-pale); border-right: 4px solid var(--gold); color: #5C3D00; }\n\n.info-box strong { display: block; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 4px; font-weight: 900; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 GRID FOR EXAMPLES \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.example-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(200px, 1fr)); gap: 12px; margin: 14px 0; }\n.example-item {\n background: #FAFAF8; border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 8px;\n padding: 14px; font-size: 13px;\n}\n.example-item .ex-country { font-size: 10px; color: var(--text-muted); margin-bottom: 4px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 1px; }\n.example-item .ex-name { font-weight: 700; color: var(--text); margin-bottom: 6px; font-size: 14px; }\n.example-item .ex-note { color: var(--text-secondary); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 CHECKLIST \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.checklist { list-style: none; margin: 12px 0; }\n.checklist li {\n padding: 8px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #F0EDE8; font-size: 13px;\n display: flex; align-items: flex-start; gap: 10px;\n}\n.checklist li:last-child { border-bottom: none; }\n.checklist li::before { content: '\u2713'; color: var(--green-light); font-weight: 900; flex-shrink: 0; margin-top: 1px; }\n.checklist li.danger::before { content: '\u2717'; color: var(--red-light); }\n.checklist li.warn::before { content: '\u26a0'; color: var(--orange); }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 DETECTION TABLE \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.det-table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 13px; margin: 14px 0; }\n.det-table th { background: #F2EEE6; padding: 10px 14px; text-align: right; font-weight: 700; color: var(--gold); border-bottom: 2px solid var(--border-dark); }\n.det-table td { padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border); vertical-align: top; }\n.det-table tr:last-child td { border-bottom: none; }\n.det-table tr:hover td { background: var(--gold-pale); }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 SCORE METER \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.difficulty-bar { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px; margin: 8px 0; font-size: 12px; }\n.difficulty-bar .label { color: var(--text-muted); min-width: 80px; }\n.bar-track { flex: 1; height: 6px; background: #EEE; border-radius: 3px; overflow: hidden; }\n.bar-fill { height: 100%; border-radius: 3px; transition: width 0.6s ease; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 COMPARISON COLS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.compare-wrap { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 14px; margin: 14px 0; }\n.compare-col { border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 8px; padding: 14px; }\n.compare-col h5 { font-size: 12px; font-weight: 900; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-bottom: 6px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border); }\n.compare-col.original h5 { color: var(--green); }\n.compare-col.fake h5 { color: var(--red-light); }\n.compare-col ul { list-style: none; font-size: 13px; }\n.compare-col ul li { padding: 4px 0; color: var(--text-secondary); }\n.compare-col ul li::before { content: '\u2022 '; color: inherit; font-weight: 900; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 PMD VISUAL \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.pmd-types { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(160px, 1fr)); gap: 10px; margin: 14px 0; }\n.pmd-type { text-align: center; padding: 16px 10px; background: #FAFAF8; border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 10px; }\n.pmd-type .pmd-icon { font-size: 28px; display: block; margin-bottom: 8px; }\n.pmd-type .pmd-name { font-size: 13px; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 4px; }\n.pmd-type .pmd-en { font-size: 10px; color: var(--text-muted); }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 PROTOCOL STEPS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.protocol-steps { counter-reset: step; }\n.protocol-step {\n display: flex; gap: 14px; margin-bottom: 16px;\n background: white; border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 10px; padding: 16px;\n}\n.step-num {\n width: 36px; height: 36px; border-radius: 50%; flex-shrink: 0;\n background: linear-gradient(135deg, var(--gold), var(--gold-light));\n color: white; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\n font-weight: 900; font-size: 14px;\n}\n.step-content h4 { font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; color: var(--text); }\n.step-content p { font-size: 13px; color: var(--text-secondary); line-height: 1.7; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 QUICK FILTER CHIPS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.filter-chips { display: flex; gap: 8px; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 20px; }\n.chip {\n padding: 6px 14px; border-radius: 20px; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 700;\n cursor: pointer; border: 1px solid var(--border);\n background: white; color: var(--text-secondary); transition: all 0.2s;\n}\n.chip:hover, .chip.active { background: var(--gold); color: white; border-color: var(--gold); }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 NO RESULTS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.no-results { text-align: center; padding: 40px; color: var(--text-muted); display: none; }\n.no-results .nr-icon { font-size: 40px; display: block; margin-bottom: 12px; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 FOOTER \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.ct-footer {\n padding: 20px 24px; background: #F7F4EF; border-top: 1px solid var(--border);\n font-size: 12px; color: var(--text-muted); text-align: center; line-height: 1.8;\n}\n\n@media (max-width: 600px) {\n .ct-panel { padding: 18px 14px; }\n .compare-wrap { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n .ct-card-title { font-size: 13px; }\n .example-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n}\n<\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n\n<div id=\"coin-tool-wrap\">\n\n\n<div class=\"ct-header\">\n <span class=\"ct-header-icon\">\ud83e\ude99<\/span>\n <h1>Encyclopedia of Minting Errors, Counterfeiting, and Currency Damage<\/h1>\n <p>A comprehensive technical reference according to PCGS, NGC, ANS, and ANA standards.<\/p>\n <div class=\"ct-badges\">\n <span class=\"ct-badge\">Scribe errors<\/span>\n <span class=\"ct-badge\">Detecting forgery<\/span>\n <span class=\"ct-badge\">PMD environmental damage<\/span>\n <span class=\"ct-badge\">Arab and international currencies<\/span>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"ct-search\">\n <input type=\"text\" id=\"ctSearch\" placeholder=\"Search: double coin, counterfeit, rust, lira, riyal, dirham, Morgan...\" oninput=\"ctDoSearch()\">\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"ct-tabs\">\n <button class=\"ct-tab active\" onclick=\"ctTab(event,'p-errors')\"><span class=\"tab-icon\">\u2699\ufe0f<\/span> Scribe errors<\/button>\n <button class=\"ct-tab\" onclick=\"ctTab(event,'p-forgery')\"><span class=\"tab-icon\">\ud83d\udd0d<\/span> forgery<\/button>\n <button class=\"ct-tab\" onclick=\"ctTab(event,'p-pmd')\"><span class=\"tab-icon\">\ud83c\udf3f<\/span> PMD coin damage<\/button>\n <button class=\"ct-tab\" onclick=\"ctTab(event,'p-protocol')\"><span class=\"tab-icon\">\ud83e\uddea<\/span> Screening protocol<\/button>\n <button class=\"ct-tab\" onclick=\"ctTab(event,'p-arabic')\"><span class=\"tab-icon\">\ud83c\udf19<\/span> Arab currencies<\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"no-results\" id=\"noResults\">\n <span class=\"nr-icon\">\ud83d\udd0e<\/span>\n No results matched the search.\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"p-errors\" class=\"ct-panel active\">\n <div class=\"ct-section-title\" style=\"color:var(--orange)\"><span class=\"ico\">\u2699\ufe0f<\/span> Genuine Mint Errors<\/div>\n\n <div class=\"filter-chips\">\n <span class=\"chip active\" onclick=\"ctFilter(this,'all')\">All<\/span>\n <span class=\"chip\" onclick=\"ctFilter(this,'die')\">Template errors<\/span>\n <span class=\"chip\" onclick=\"ctFilter(this,'planchet')\">disk errors<\/span>\n <span class=\"chip\" onclick=\"ctFilter(this,'strike')\">Scribe errors<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\" data-cat=\"die\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--orange)\">\u0661<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Double die (DDO\/DDR)<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-error\">Template error<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>This error is not caused by vibration of the machine during minting, but rather results from an error in a stage <strong>Hubbing the mother mold<\/strong> The design is printed twice at different angles of distortion. The result is an apparent duplication of letters, numbers, or facial features.<\/p>\n <div class=\"info-box blue\"><strong>\ud83d\udd2c How to accurately distinguish it<\/strong>In true double coinage, the repeated parts are on <u>Same height as the engraving<\/u>. Unlike \u201cMechanical Doubling\u201d, which produces a flat shadow and not a true relief pattern.<\/div>\n <div class=\"example-grid\">\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">\ud83c\uddf8\ud83c\udde6 Saudi Arabia<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">Halala 1400 AH \u2014 DDR<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">A notable duplication in the word \u201cKingdom\u201d on the back, documented in several copies from the Riyadh Mint.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf8 United States<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">1\u00a2 Lincoln 1955 \u2014 DDO<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">The most famous case of duplication in history; the duplication of the date and the inscription in its entirety, is one of the most expensive American mistakes.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">\ud83c\uddea\ud83c\uddec Egypt<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">Millim 1938 \u2014 DDO<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">The duplication in King Farouk's head is documented in private collections.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"difficulty-bar\"><span class=\"label\">Difficulty in detection<\/span><div class=\"bar-track\"><div class=\"bar-fill\" style=\"width:40%;background:var(--green-light)\"><\/div><\/div><span style=\"font-size:12px;color:var(--text-muted)\">Medium<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"difficulty-bar\"><span class=\"label\">Additional value<\/span><div class=\"bar-track\"><div class=\"bar-fill\" style=\"width:85%;background:var(--gold)\"><\/div><\/div><span style=\"font-size:12px;color:var(--text-muted)\">Very high<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\" data-cat=\"strike\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--orange)\">\u0662<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Brockage Error<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-error\">Rare mistake<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>This occurs when a coin is stuck to the upper die and acts as a temporary die for the next disc. The result: a coin with a normal obverse and reverse. <strong>Incuse Mirror Image<\/strong> From the same side.<\/p>\n <div class=\"info-box gold\"><strong>\ud83d\udcb0 Achievement Value<\/strong>Brocade is one of the most sought-after and exciting minting errors for collectors. It can increase the coin's value 10 to 50 times.<\/div>\n <ul class=\"checklist\">\n <li>The inverted recessed back perfectly matches the face pattern.<\/li>\n <li>The edge is normal because the disc is in the guide ring.<\/li>\n <li>The weight of the coin is perfectly normal.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\" data-cat=\"planchet\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--orange)\">\u0663<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Wrong Planchet \/ Off-Metal<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-error\">disk error<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>This occurs when a currency design is minted on a metal disc intended for a different denomination or country. For example, the Saudi Riyal design might be minted on a disc intended for the Dirham.<\/p>\n <div class=\"example-grid\">\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf8 United States<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">25\u00a2 on a 10\u00a2 disc<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">Very rare. The coin is smaller than normal with a full engraving.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">\ud83c\uddec\ud83c\udde7 Britain<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">A coin on a nickel disc<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">As documented in the London Mint's records, the color of the metal is clearly different.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"info-box orange\"><strong>\u26a0\ufe0f How to detect it<\/strong>Weight and diameter are the primary indicators. Comparing the diameter to a physical coin of the same issue reveals the difference immediately.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\" data-cat=\"strike\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--orange)\">\u0664<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Off-Center Strike<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-error\">Error<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>The disc partially came out of the guide ring before striking, producing a recessed pattern with a white edge on one side.<\/p>\n <div class=\"info-box blue\"><strong>\ud83d\udcd0 How to estimate displacement<\/strong>It is measured as a percentage: an offset of 50% means that half the coin is blank. The greater the offset, along with the date and inscription, the higher its value.<\/div>\n <div class=\"difficulty-bar\"><span class=\"label\">Ease of detection<\/span><div class=\"bar-track\"><div class=\"bar-fill\" style=\"width:90%;background:var(--green-light)\"><\/div><\/div><span style=\"font-size:12px;color:var(--text-muted)\">Easy<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\" data-cat=\"die\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--orange)\">\u0665<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Mule Error<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-error\">Compatibility error<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>Minting a coin with a front designated for one denomination and a back designated for a completely different denomination (human error in mold assembly).<\/p>\n <div class=\"example-grid\">\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf8 United States<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">State Quarter Mule 2000<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">The Sacagawea Dollar face with the State Quarter reverse. It was filed in court to determine ownership.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">\ud83c\uddec\ud83c\udde7 Britain<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">50p Kew Gardens Mule<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">One of the most famous modern mistakes, officially documented by the British Mint.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\" data-cat=\"planchet\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--orange)\">\u0666<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Clipped Planchet<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-error\">disk error<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>It is produced when metal discs are cut from a strip in a way that overlaps previous cuts, resulting in a disc with a curved or cut edge.<\/p>\n <ul class=\"checklist\">\n <li>Straight Clip: The edge is cut at a right angle.<\/li>\n <li>Curved Clip: The most common and aesthetically pleasing<\/li>\n <li>Multiple Clips: Two or more clips of the same coin<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"p-forgery\" class=\"ct-panel\">\n <div class=\"ct-section-title\" style=\"color:var(--red)\"><span class=\"ico\">\ud83d\udd0d<\/span> Counterfeiting and value manipulation<\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--red)\">\u0661<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Cast counterfeits<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-forgery\">Basic forgery<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>The oldest and easiest method of counterfeiting to detect involves creating a mold from an original coin and then pouring molten metal onto it. This method is used to counterfeit gold and silver coins.<\/p>\n <div class=\"compare-wrap\">\n <div class=\"compare-col original\">\n <h5>\u2705 Original currency<\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Sharp edges and clear lines<\/li>\n <li>The reeding lines are parallel.<\/li>\n <li>Pure metallic ringing when tapped<\/li>\n <li>Accurate weight according to specifications<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"compare-col fake\">\n <h5>\u274c Fake casting<\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>blurred or rounded details<\/li>\n <li>Non-parallel or missing lines<\/li>\n <li>A faint or "dead" ring\u201c<\/li>\n <li>Lighter or slightly heavier<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"info-box red\"><strong>\ud83d\udd2c The decisive sign<\/strong>Examining the surface of the coin under a 10x magnifying glass reveals tiny, scattered spots resembling orange peel\u2014the result of air bubbles during casting. These are not present in the minted coins.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--red)\">\u0662<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Spark Erosion (EDM)<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-forgery\">Technical forgery<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>A metal die and an authentic coin are immersed in a conductive liquid. An electrical discharge is used to transfer extremely fine details to the die. This is one of the most sophisticated modern counterfeiting techniques.<\/p>\n <div class=\"info-box orange\"><strong>\ud83d\udd0e How is it revealed?<\/strong>The surface under a microscope shows regularly distributed dots (a discharge effect). The faker attempts to smooth it, leaving very fine circular lines under 40x magnification.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--red)\">\u0663<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Mintmark Alteration<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-danger\">The most deceptive forgery<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>Adding, removing, or changing the mint mark can transform a common coin into a rare one. A classic example: adding the letter \u201cS\u201d (San Francisco) to an 1893 Morgan dollar from Philadelphia makes it a rare version worth thousands of dollars.<\/p>\n <div class=\"info-box red\"><strong>\ud83d\udd2c The decisive test<\/strong>Examine the area where the mint mark connects to the coin's body under a magnifying glass of at least 40x. Welding, glue, or a difference in the metal's texture are signs of counterfeiting. The depth of the engraving should match the depth of the other letters.<\/div>\n <div class=\"example-grid\">\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf8 United States<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">Morgan Dollar 1893-S<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">Most often, the falsified \u201cS\u201d is added. Every copy claiming to be 1893-S requires PCGS or NGC certification.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">\ud83c\uddf8\ud83c\udde6 Saudi Arabia<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">Rare gold riyal<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">The year was altered on some of the less rare gold riyals to make them look like rare issues.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--red)\">\u0664<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Fraudulent polishing of proof coins (Proof Coin Fake)<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-forgery\">cosmetic distortion<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>Polishing ordinary circulating coins to resemble meticulously minted "proof" coins with mirror-like surfaces is a highly degrading and penalized practice in competitions.<\/p>\n <div class=\"compare-wrap\">\n <div class=\"compare-col original\">\n <h5>\u2705 Proof Original<\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Perfect mirror surfaces under engraving<\/li>\n <li>Frosted pattern with contrast<\/li>\n <li>No polishing lines whatsoever<\/li>\n <li>Blade-sharp edges<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"compare-col fake\">\n <h5>\u274c Fakely polished<\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Fine circular polishing lines<\/li>\n <li>The pattern reflects light uniformly.<\/li>\n <li>Loss of minute details<\/li>\n <li>Straight scratches under magnification<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--red)\">\u0665<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Counterfeiting by Transfer (Transfer Die Counterfeits)<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-danger\">Most accurate<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>High-pressure hydraulic presses are used to transfer the details of a rare coin into compression dies to mint thousands of counterfeit copies.<\/p>\n <div class=\"info-box red\"><strong>\ud83d\udd2c The killer sign \u2014 \u201crecurring flaws\u201d<\/strong>If you find a very small scratch in the exact same location on three different coins\u2014they are from the same die. Genuine coins never share such minute imperfections.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--red)\">\u0666<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Modern Chinese Counterfeits<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-forgery\">recent threat<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>One of the most dangerous sources of global counterfeiting today. They are mostly made of pure silver with almost identical weights and very fine details.<\/p>\n <ul class=\"checklist\">\n <li>Edge ring pressure test: The original shows a clear flattening at the lower edge.<\/li>\n <li class=\"warn\">Chinese fakes often have the correct weight (real silver) but the design is copied.<\/li>\n <li>Comparing character depth: Transliterated characters lose 5-15% of their depth<\/li>\n <li class=\"danger\">Don't rely on a silver magnet alone\u2014pure silver is non-magnetic, whether genuine or fake.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"p-pmd\" class=\"ct-panel\">\n <div class=\"ct-section-title\" style=\"color:var(--green)\"><span class=\"ico\">\ud83c\udf3f<\/span> Environmental Damage and Post-Physical Damage (PMD)<\/div>\n\n <div class=\"info-box green\"><strong>What is PMD?<\/strong>Post-Mint Damage (PMD) is any damage or alteration that occurs to a coin after it leaves the mint. Understanding PMD is essential to avoid confusing it with genuine, valuable "minting errors.".<\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pmd-types\">\n <div class=\"pmd-type\"><span class=\"pmd-icon\">\ud83d\udd28<\/span><div class=\"pmd-name\">Schizophrenia and folding<\/div><div class=\"pmd-en\">Bent \/ Folded<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"pmd-type\"><span class=\"pmd-icon\">\ud83d\udd25<\/span><div class=\"pmd-name\">thermal burns<\/div><div class=\"pmd-en\">Heat Damage<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"pmd-type\"><span class=\"pmd-icon\">\ud83e\uddea<\/span><div class=\"pmd-name\">chemical corrosion<\/div><div class=\"pmd-en\">Chemical Corrosion<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"pmd-type\"><span class=\"pmd-icon\">\ud83e\ude9a<\/span><div class=\"pmd-name\">deep scratches<\/div><div class=\"pmd-en\">Gouges \/ Scratches<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"pmd-type\"><span class=\"pmd-icon\">\ud83c\udf0a<\/span><div class=\"pmd-name\">sand erosion<\/div><div class=\"pmd-en\">Environmental Wear<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"pmd-type\"><span class=\"pmd-icon\">\u2699\ufe0f<\/span><div class=\"pmd-name\">mechanical distortion<\/div><div class=\"pmd-en\">Mechanical PMD<\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--green)\">\u0661<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Rust and Oxidation<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-pmd\">PMD is common<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>This type of damage is most common in areas with high humidity, such as the Gulf region and the Mediterranean. It varies depending on the metal:<\/p>\n <div class=\"example-grid\">\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">\ud83e\udd47 Gold<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">Very resistant<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">Pure gold does not rust. The dark appearance is due to impurities in the alloy (copper\/silver).<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">\ud83e\udd48 Silver<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">Silver blackening (toning)<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">Silver sulfide forms a dark layer. Consistent natural toning adds value; cleansing reduces it.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">\ud83e\udd49 Copper<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">Green rust (Verdigris)<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">Common on old copper coins, millimes, and dirhams. The green layer may conceal valuable details.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">Nickel<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">white\/grey spots<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">It reacts with acids or prolonged exposure to water. This is common in modern coins and fils.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"info-box gold\"><strong>\ud83d\udca1 Natural toning vs. artificial toning<\/strong>Natural toning develops slowly, gradually, and deeply. Chemically produced synthetic toning appears flat and uniform. PCGS and NGC do not package synthetic toning.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--green)\">\u0662<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Cleaning Damage<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-pmd\">Most common reasons for lower ratings<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>Cleaning coins is <strong>Most common mistakes<\/strong> Among novice collectors, and the most influential on value, the global classification system PCGS and NGC lists the coin in a special portfolio with a \u201cCleaned\u201d label, drastically reducing its value.<\/p>\n <ul class=\"checklist\">\n <li class=\"danger\">Never clean your coins \u2014 even dust should only be removed with a soft brush.<\/li>\n <li class=\"danger\">Chemical cleaners leave fine streaks and remove the surface layer of metal.<\/li>\n <li class=\"danger\">Rubbing with a cloth leaves visible \u201chair lines\u201d under a magnifying glass<\/li>\n <li class=\"warn\">The only exception: Coins intended for trading for research purposes only.<\/li>\n <li>To remove removable contaminants: Consult a specialist in philatelic restoration.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--green)\">\u0663<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Bag scratches and contact marks<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-pmd\">Natural PMD<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>Scratches caused by coins rubbing against each other in transport and handling bags. It's PMD, but... <strong>Acceptable and expected<\/strong> In the currencies in circulation and is calculated in the rating score.<\/p>\n <div class=\"info-box blue\"><strong>\ud83d\udcca Its impact on evaluation<\/strong>In the PCGS\/NGC system, case scratches prevent a coin from achieving an MS-65 rating or higher. An MS-63 coin has noticeable but acceptable scratches. MS-70 means no visible scratches below 5x.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--green)\">\u0664<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Jewelry Damage \/ Holes in Coins<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-pmd\">PMD Influential<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>Very common in old Islamic, Ottoman, and Gulf coins that were used as jewelry. The hole significantly reduces the coin's monetary value.<\/p>\n <div class=\"example-grid\">\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">\ud83c\udf19 Ottoman<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">The perforated Ottoman shark<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">Very common. 19th-century coins were used in embroidery and tribal jewelry.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">\ud83c\uddf8\ud83c\udde6 Gulf<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">Silver riyal, navy blue<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">Maria Theresa riyals and Najd silver riyals were often found in traditional necklaces and belts.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"p-protocol\" class=\"ct-panel\">\n <div class=\"ct-section-title\" style=\"color:var(--blue)\"><span class=\"ico\">\ud83e\uddea<\/span> Integrated screening protocol<\/div>\n\n <div class=\"info-box blue\"><strong>\ud83d\udccb Examination Methodology<\/strong>Follow these steps in order to achieve the highest accuracy in assessing the authenticity and condition of the coin. Do not skip steps\u2014each step builds upon the previous one.<\/div>\n\n <div class=\"protocol-steps\">\n <div class=\"protocol-step\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">\u0661<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <h4>Initial examination \u2014 with the naked eye<\/h4>\n <p>Hold the coin by the edge only, using a cotton glove. Examine the obverse, reverse, and edge in natural light or a focused lamp. Note: Are the edges sharp? Are the details clear? Is the surface clean?<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"protocol-step\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">\u0662<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <h4>Metrological measurements (weight and diameter)<\/h4>\n <p>Weigh the coin with a precision scale to 0.01 grams. Measure its diameter and thickness. Compare to the official issue specifications. A deviation of more than 0.2 grams or 0.2 mm is a warning sign.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"protocol-step\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">\u0663<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <h4>Edge Inspection<\/h4>\n <p>The edge is the "passport" of the coin. The reeding lines must be perfectly parallel and of equal depth. Casting produces irregular reeding or rounded edges.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"protocol-step\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">\u0664<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <h4>Magnification Examination (Loupe Examination) \u2014 10\u00d7 and 40\u00d7<\/h4>\n <p>10x for general engraving. 40x for checking the base, mint mark, and date. Look for: casting points, polishing lines, variations in engraving depth, and recurring defects.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"protocol-step\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">\u0665<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <h4>Sound resonance test (Ring Test)<\/h4>\n <p>For silver and gold coins: Place the coin on your fingertip and tap it gently. A genuine coin will produce a clear, continuous ring. A cast counterfeit will produce a dull or short ring.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"protocol-step\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">\u0666<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <h4>Chemical testing of the metal (if necessary)<\/h4>\n <p>For gold coins: XRF (Fluorescence X-ray) analyzes the metallic composition without damage. For silver coins: a diluted nitric acid solution is applied to an inconspicuous area. For nickel and copper: a magnet reveals the plating.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"ct-section-title\" style=\"color:var(--blue);margin-top:28px\"><span class=\"ico\">\ud83d\udcca<\/span> Quick comparison table<\/div>\n <table class=\"det-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Test<\/th>\n <th>Original currency<\/th>\n <th>Fake\/damaged<\/th>\n <th>Cost<\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>the weight<\/td><td>Conforms to specifications \u00b10.05g<\/td><td>A noticeable or very slight deviation<\/td><td>Precision scale 20$<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>magnet<\/td><td>It does not attract (gold\/silver\/copper)<\/td><td>Attraction = Coated steel<\/td><td>Free<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Resonance<\/td><td>Continuous clear sound<\/td><td>Muffled or short<\/td><td>Free<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>10x magnifier<\/td><td>Sharp pattern, clean floor<\/td><td>Blurred pattern\/casting points<\/td><td>20-50$<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Magnifier 40x<\/td><td>No recurring flaws<\/td><td>Recurring defects, polishing lines<\/td><td>50-150$<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>XRF<\/td><td>Correct metal composition 100%<\/td><td>Impurities or incorrect calibration<\/td><td>Specialist 50-200$<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"p-arabic\" class=\"ct-panel\">\n <div class=\"ct-section-title\" style=\"color:var(--purple)\"><span class=\"ico\">\ud83c\udf19<\/span> Arab currencies \u2014 most prominent documented cases<\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--purple)\">\u0661<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">The Ottoman gold lira \u2014 errors and forgeries<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-rare\">Highest risk<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>The Ottoman gold lira is one of the most widespread and most counterfeited Arab currencies in the region for commercial reasons and dowry contracts.<\/p>\n <div class=\"example-grid\">\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">Common forgery<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">counterfeit "Majidiyya" lira<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">It is made of 18 or 21 karat gold instead of 22 karat. A weight deficiency of more than 0.1 grams is immediately detectable. The original weighs 7.216 grams.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">rare mistake<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">1255 Lira Double Hit<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">Documented in Turkish and Arabic collections. A duplicate of the Sultan's tughra on the front.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">PMD is common<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">Perforated coins for jewelry<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">Very common in rural areas. The hole reduces the yield value by 30-70% depending on the location.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"info-box gold\"><strong>\ud83d\udcd0 Governing specifications<\/strong>Ottoman gold lira: 7.216 grams \u2014 917 gold (22 carats) \u2014 22 mm diameter. Any deviation requires verification.<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--purple)\">\u0662<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Saudi Silver Riyal \u2014 Documented Errors<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-error\">Documented errors<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <div class=\"example-grid\">\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">Error<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">1374 AH Riyal \u2014 Template Removal<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">A slight deviation in the alignment of the two molds, documented in several copies, gives the engraving a slanted appearance.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">Error<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">Silver Riyal 1\/2 \u2014 Missing Disc<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">Irregular cutting of the disc from the silver strip, curved edge on one side.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">falsification<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">fake silver Najd riyal<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">It is counterfeited using lower-purity silver (800 instead of 917). XRF testing is necessary to confirm the silver's purity.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--purple)\">\u0663<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Egyptian Gold Pound \u2014 Francoville<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-rare\">Rare and fake<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>The gold pounds of the Khedive, King Fuad and Farouk are among the most valuable Egyptian currencies and therefore the most targeted for counterfeiting.<\/p>\n <div class=\"example-grid\">\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">The danger of counterfeiting<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">Farouk Pound 1938<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">It is counterfeited using lower-carat gold discs. Original specifications: 8.5 grams \u2014 875 carat.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">rare mistake<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">Pound Fouad \u2014 Repeated Date<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">Documented in private collections, double Arabic numerals for the date on the back.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--purple)\">\u0664<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">The UAE dirham \u2014 modern minting errors<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-error\">Recent errors<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <div class=\"example-grid\">\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">mistake<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">Commemorative dirham offset<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">Several commemorative editions showed a slight shift in the centering of the inscription, especially the \u201cYear of the Gulf\u201d series.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"example-item\">\n <div class=\"ex-country\">mistake<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-name\">dirham, false metal match<\/div>\n <div class=\"ex-note\">Rare: A coin design with a wrong color on an outer ring in some two-tone parts.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"ct-card\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head\" onclick=\"ctToggle(this)\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-head-right\">\n <div class=\"ct-card-num\" style=\"background:var(--purple)\">\u0665<\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-title\">Maria Theresa Real (MT Dollar) \u2014 the most widely used currency in the Gulf<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-meta\"><span class=\"tag tag-rare\">commercial counterfeiting<\/span><span class=\"ct-arrow\">\u25bc<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ct-card-body\"><div class=\"ct-card-inner\">\n <p>The Austrian Maria Theresa thaler (1780) was used as official trade currency in the Arabian Peninsula, Yemen, and East Africa for two centuries. All modern officially minted versions bear the date 1780, but the classification of the original from a reissue is important.<\/p>\n <div class=\"info-box gold\"><strong>\ud83d\udcd0 Original Specifications 1780<\/strong>Weight: 28.0668 grams \u2014 833 silver (20 carats) \u2014 40 mm diameter. Official Austrian reissue conforms to these specifications and is commercially acceptable.<\/div>\n <div class=\"compare-wrap\">\n <div class=\"compare-col original\">\n <h5>\u2705 Original \/ Official Reissue<\/h5>\n <ul><li>Weight 28.06 \u00b1 0.05 grams<\/li><li>The letter \u201cM\u201d in Mariatheresia is clearly prominent.<\/li><li>Edge groove lines: 133 lines<\/li><\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"compare-col fake\">\n <h5>\u274c Fake<\/h5>\n <ul><li>lighter or heavier weight<\/li><li>blurred details on the face<\/li><li>The number of grooves varies<\/li><\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"ct-footer\">\n The information provided is an educational reference based on PCGS, NGC, ANS, ANA standards and specialized academic research.<br>\n For official documentation, it is recommended to send coins to accredited graders. All content \u00a9 Al-Muqta Al-Arabi\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<script>\nfunction ctTab(e, id) {\n document.querySelectorAll('.ct-panel').forEach(p => p.classList.remove('active'));\n document.querySelectorAll('.ct-tab').forEach(t => t.classList.remove('active'));\n document.getElementById(id).classList.add('active');\n e.currentTarget.classList.add('active');\n document.getElementById('noResults').style.display = 'none';\n document.querySelectorAll('.ct-card').forEach(c => c.style.display = '');\n}\n\nfunction ctToggle(head) {\n const card = head.closest('.ct-card');\n card.classList.toggle('open');\n}\n\nfunction ctFilter(chip, cat) {\n document.querySelectorAll('.filter-chips .chip').forEach(c => c.classList.remove('active'));\n chip.classList.add('active');\n const panel = document.getElementById('p-errors');\n panel.querySelectorAll('.ct-card').forEach(card => {\n card.style.display = (cat === 'all' || card.dataset.cat === cat) ? '' : 'none';\n });\n}\n\nfunction ctDoSearch() {\n const q = document.getElementById('ctSearch').value.trim().toLowerCase();\n if (!q) {\n document.querySelectorAll('.ct-card').forEach(c => c.style.display = '');\n document.getElementById('noResults').style.display = 'none';\n return;\n }\n \/\/ show all panels during search\n let found = 0;\n document.querySelectorAll('.ct-panel').forEach(p => p.classList.remove('active'));\n document.querySelectorAll('.ct-card').forEach(card => {\n const match = card.textContent.toLowerCase().includes(q);\n card.style.display = match ? '' : 'none';\n if (match) { found++; card.closest('.ct-panel').classList.add('active'); }\n });\n document.getElementById('noResults').style.display = found ? 'none' : 'block';\n if (!found) document.querySelectorAll('.ct-panel').forEach(p => p.classList.remove('active'));\n}\n<\/script>\n<\/body>\n<\/html>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"background: linear-gradient(to left, #ffffff, #fdfbf7); border: 1px solid #e0e0e0; padding: 35px; border-radius: 16px; direction: rtl; font-family: 'Cairo', sans-serif; margin: 45px 0; text-align: right; box-shadow: 0 10px 30px rgba(0,0,0,0.05); border-right: 6px solid #bf9b30; position: relative; overflow: hidden;\">\n \n <div style=\"position: absolute; left: -20px; top: -20px; font-size: 100px; opacity: 0.03; transform: rotate(-15deg); pointer-events: none;\">\ud83e\ude99<\/div>\n\n <h3 style=\"margin-top: 0; color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 22px; display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px;\">\n <span style=\"background: #bf9b30; color: white; width: 30px; height: 30px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; border-radius: 50%; font-size: 16px;\">\ud83d\udca1<\/span>\n Not sure where to start?\n <\/h3>\n \n <p style=\"font-size: 17px; color: #555; line-height: 1.8; margin: 15px 0 25px 0; max-width: 85%;\">\n Instead of random searching, you can use <strong style=\"color: #1a1a1a;\">Interactive Sales Pathway Assistant<\/strong>. Answer 5 simple questions about the condition of your coin so we can suggest the most suitable channel for displaying it (international auctions, bullion dealers, or hobbyist markets).\n <\/p>\n\n <a href=\"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/grading-tools\/how-to-sell-old-coins-a-guide\/\" class=\"cta-button-hover\" style=\"display: inline-block; background: #bf9b30; color: #ffffff; text-decoration: none; font-weight: 700; font-size: 17px; padding: 14px 30px; border-radius: 8px; box-shadow: 0 4px 15px rgba(191, 155, 48, 0.3); transition: all 0.3s ease;\">\n Start the sales path selection assistant \u2190\n <\/a>\n\n <style>\n .cta-button-hover:hover {\n transform: translateY(-3px);\n box-shadow: 0 8px 25px rgba(191, 155, 48, 0.4) !important;\n background-color: #a68628 !important;\n }\n <\/style>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>“\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629\u061f \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643 \u0648\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0635\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.” \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \ud83e\ude99 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 PCGS …<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":284874,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"wpupg_custom_link":[],"wpupg_custom_link_behaviour":[],"wpupg_custom_link_nofollow":[],"wpupg_custom_image":[],"wpupg_custom_image_id":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-284864","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/284864","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=284864"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/284864\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/284874"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabcollector.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=284864"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}